Measurements in Fluid Mechanics

058:180 (ME:5180)
Time & Location: 2:30P - 3:20P MWF 3315 SC
Office Hours: 4:00P 5:00P MWF 223B-5 HL


Instructor: Lichuan Gui
lichuan-gui@uiowa.edu
Phone: 319-384-0594 (Lab), 319-400-5985 (Cell)
http://lcgui.net

2
Lecture 17. Flow visualization with optical techniques
3
Refractive index
c light speed in vacuum v light speed in medium =

Flow visualization with optical techniques
Gladstone-Dale formula
- relation between refractive index and density of gases

=
2 2
2
2
1
v v t
i
i
e
f
m
L
m
e
K
e charge of an electron
m
e
mass of an electron
L Loschmidts number
m molecular weight
v frequency of visualizing light
v
i
resonant frequency of distorted electron
f
i
oscillator strength of distorted electron


K n = 1
n refractive index
K Gladstone-Dale constant
density
(T=273K, =589nm)
In gas mixture of N components:

=
=
N
n
n
n
K K
1

K
n
value of the n-th component

n
density of the n-th component
=
1
+
2
+
3
++
N

4
Flow visualization with optical techniques
Light deflection in variable refractive-index media
Medium 1 & 3 with uniform refractive index n
0

Medium 2 with variable refractive index n(x,y)
with geometrical simplification:
Differential equation for the ray path:
Light deflection angle:
for very small |:

5
Flow visualization with optical techniques
Quantities can be measured in photographic film:
- The displacement
*
QQ
- The angular deflection
*
u u c =
- The phase shift between both rays
*
e e
Shadowgraph
Schlieren method
Interferometry
Light deflection in variable refractive-index media
- Undisturbed light ray would arrive at Q
- Deflected light ray arrives at point Q*
- Optical length covered by deflected ray
different from that of undisturbed
i.e. t*= t
6
Flow visualization with optical techniques
The shadowgraph method
Schematic arrangement of two typical shadowgraph systems
Light source Spherical mirrors or lenses
Optical disturbance (test section)
Photo film or screen
Camera lens
Focus plane
7
Working principle: detecting second derivatives
2 2 2 2
, y n x n c c c c
0 & 0
2 2
= c c = c c y n y n
0 & 0
2 2
= c c = c c y n y n
0 & 0
2 2
= c c = c c y n y n
z
y
Ph Object
Uniform illumination
Uniform illumination
Non-uniform illumination
Flow visualization with optical techniques
The shadowgraph method
8
Flow visualization with optical techniques
The shadowgraph method
APLLICATION: DETACHED SHOCK WAVE
The shadowgraph of a supersonic flow
around a finned hemisphere
The bow shock is detached Because of
the blunt body.
The flow behind the nearly normal portion
of the shock is subsonic. Thus, no Mach
waves are seen near the line of symmetry.
As the subsonic flow sweeps over the
body, it accelerates, ultimately becomes
sonic and then supersonic.
The position of the transition to supersonic
flow can be estimated by noting the
position of the first appearance of Mach
lines on the body.

Data from http://www.eng.vt.edu/fluids/msc/gallery/shocks/
9
Flow visualization with optical techniques
The shadowgraph method
APPLICATION: A .308 CALIBER BULLET
Shadowgraph of Winchester .308 caliber
bullet traveling at about 2800 ft/sec,
M=2.5.

Curvature of the Mach lines generated at
the nose


Data from http://www.eng.vt.edu/fluids/msc/gallery/shocks/
10
Flow visualization with optical techniques
The shadowgraph method
APPLICATION: SHOCK WAVES AROUND THE X-15
Classical shock wave pattern
around a free-flight model of the
X-15 at M=3.5.


In the lower half of the image,
the convergence of the
downstream shocks with the
main bow shock is clearly seen.

Data from http://www.eng.vt.edu/fluids/msc/gallery/shocks/
11
Flow visualization with optical techniques
The Schlieren method
Imaging techniques for fluid flow measurements
Schematic arrangement of a Toeplor Schlieren system
Optical disturbance (test section)
Photo film or screen
Light source
Spherical mirrors or lenses
Detecting 1st derivatives
y n x n c c c c ,
12
Flow visualization with optical techniques
The Schlieren method
Different configurations of Schlieren system
Z-shaped system
Double-path systems
13
Flow visualization with optical techniques
The Schlieren method
APPLICATION: PENETRATION OF ALUMINUM FOIL BY A BULLET
Pattern of waves generated as a .222
caliber bullet passes through a hanging
sheet of aluminum foil.
The reflected shock is clearly seen at the
left of the foil.
A second spherical shock surface can be
seen on the right side of the foil.
The small disturbances just behind the
shock are bits of the foil ejected at
impact.
Data from http://www.eng.vt.edu/fluids/msc/gallery/shocks/
14
Flow visualization with optical techniques
The Schlieren method
APPLICATION: REFRACTION OF SHOCK WAVES
The Schlieren photo at the right reveals
the pattern of waves generated by a .222
caliber bullet traveling at about Mach 3.
The bullet has just passed through the
plume of a candle and the different
densities in the heated plume have
refracted the lower set of shock waves.

Data from http://www.eng.vt.edu/fluids/msc/gallery/shocks/
15
Flow visualization with optical techniques
The Schlieren method
Shock waves from a .44 Magnum
Full-Scale Schlieren
16
Flow visualization with optical techniques
The Schlieren method
Full-Scale Schlieren Images
Heat released from gas grill
Heat from space heater, lamp& person
Cold air dragged from a freezer
From http://www.mne.psu.edu/psgdl/FSSPhotoalbum/index1.htm
17
Flow visualization with optical techniques
Interferometry
Phase difference:
Light intensity:

1

2

0

,

=
1
+
2
= sin 2 + sin 2 = 2cos

2
sin 2

2

1
= sin 2

2
= sin 2
18
Flow visualization with optical techniques
Mach-Zehnder interferometer
19
Flow visualization with optical techniques
http://www.thermopedia.com/content/932/
the interference pattern of a horizontal annulus
filled with air when the inner cylinder is heated
isothermally. The outer tube is cooled by water
at constant temperature.
Mach-Zehnder interferometer
EXAMPLE
20
Homework
- Questions and Problems: 6 on page 246
- Read textbook 10.3-10.5 on page 231 - 244
- Due on 10/05
(optional, but may add credit to midterm examination )
21
to select an image sample in a 6464-pixel window from an image at x=400, y=200

Try to write a Matlab program
http://lcgui.net/ui-lecture2012/hw/00/A001_1.BMP
to select another image sample with a window
shift of S = ( 1.6, 2.3 )

Example of Matlab program:
clear;
A1=imread('A001_1.bmp');
G1=img2xy(A1);
M=64;
N=64;
x=400;
y=200;
g1=sample01(G1,M,N,x,y);
Sx=1.6;
Sy=2.3;
g2=sample01(G1,M,N,x+Sx,y+Sy);
S1=xy2img(g1);
S2=xy2img(g2);
imwrite(S1,'S1.bmp','bmp');
imwrite(S2,'S2.bmp','bmp');
S1.bmp S2.bmp