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65 100216033134 Phpapp01
65 100216033134 Phpapp01
s. Subject is popularly applied in modern and important buildings. Emerging branch in the field of structural engineering
Ballistic attacks
Others
Exterior attack
Arsons
Stand-off zones
Blockades, planters, fountains, fences as obstacles to ramming vehicles/truck bomb. Allow only emergency vehicle access. Raise the building 2m above ground level (provide Ramps for barrier free access)
Blast load
Dynamic pressure
Air blast
Effects of shock-waves
This travels away from explosion faster than the speed of sound poses threat in close location. Shock front is similar to moving wall of highly compressed air accompanied by blast wind. It causes sudden rise in ambient pressure. This is called over-pressure. Pressure caused by blast wind is called dynamic pressure. Both these pressure decay rapidly with time.
Pressure and overpressure sinks below ambient pressure before equalizing back to atmospheric pressure.
Air blast
This can penetrate basement areas that are open causing high internal pressures and causing high velocity jet of air through openings. Window glass and debris shattered by shockwave acts as missiles in the air jet. High pressure causes lungs damage and ear drum rupture. Air-jets can pick people and hurl them to fixed objects.
Secondary fires
These are triggered by blast damages. Damaged gas pipes Flammable building materials. Electric short circuits. Overturned appliances.
Design procedures
There is no equivalent static design procedure available But both material linear and material nonlinear capacities are considered and designed Work energy method , dynamic response and such solutions are found satisfactory.
Pressure impulse diagrams are the graphically present asymptotic limits for cases where change in peak pressures changes insignificantly over the time to maximum response and for cases where the blast load duration is on short with respect to time to maximum response.
1. Pressure- impulse
Fig1. Redistribution of loads from removed column in building with a continuous moment resting frame along column lines
Tensile reinforcement between 0.5 and 2 percent of the cross-sectional area of the concrete element will usually insure ductile behavior while providing the required strength. Compression steel in flexural members serves two purposes. After a structural member is deflected by blast loads, it attempts to spring back or rebound. Dynamic rebound causes load reversal and, under certain circumstances, can result in catastrophic failure
Major: Loss of primary structural components such as columns or transfer girders precipitates loss of additional adjacent members that are adjacent or above the lost member. In this case, extensive fatalities are expected. Building is usually not repairable.
Seismic load
The vibrational load of earthquakes which is acts over seconds. Earthquakes load acts at the base of the building. Seismic loads cause global response. Mass worsens earthquake response.
CONCLUSION
It is not practical to design buildings to withstand any conceivable terrorist attack. It is possible to improve the performance of structures should one occur in the form of an external explosion. Design process to ensure that appropriate threat conditions and levels of protection are being incorporated.
References
Blast safety of the building envelope by Eve Hinman ,PE hinman engg report. Structural design for external terrorist bomb attack by Jon A. Schmidt structure magazine march issue (2003) Structure to resist the effects of accidental explosions U.S army nov 1990 Blast resistant design technology by Henry Wong WGA Wong Gregerson architects Inc. Constructing and deigning blast resistant buildings by G. Gehring and P. Summers MMI engg Texas Design of structure for blast related progressive collapse resistance by Ronald Hamburger and Andrew Whittaker Blast and progressive collapse Kirk A Marchand and Farid Afawakhiri AISC Inc. Blast resistant design of R C structures by Dennis M. McCann and Stevan J. Smith an internet webpage in dmccann@exponent.com