Binary Operations in Relational Algebra & SQL

Set Based: UNION, INTERSECTION, DIFFERENCE

UNION operation
Example

Suppose names of people are distinct

A B RESULT=STUDENT INSTRUCTOR

SQL for previous example Fig 6.4: (SELECT Fn, Ln FROM STUDENT) UNION (SELECT Fname, Lname FROM INSTRUCTOR);
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Union Compatibility
Requirement for the traditional set operators Strong requirement
Same number of columns Each corresponding column is compatible Positional correspondence

INTERSECTION operation
Example

Suppose names of people are distinct

A B RESULT=STUDENT INSTRUCTOR

SQL for previous example Fig 6.4: (SELECT Fn, Ln FROM STUDENT) INTERSECT (SELECT Fname, Lname FROM INSTRUCTOR);
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SET DIFFERENCE operation

Example

STUDENT - INSTRUCTOR

INSTRUCTOR - STUDENT

Suppose names of people are distinct

A

B B

(d) RESULT=INSTRUCTOR - STUDENT (e) RESULT=STUDENT - INSTRUCTOR

SQL for previous example Fig 6.4: (SELECT Fn, Ln FROM STUDENT) MINUS (SELECT Fname, Lname FROM INSTRUCTOR);

CARTESIAN PRODUCT operation

Faculty

Example

FacSSN 111-11-1111 222-22-2222 333-33-3333

Faculty PRODUCT Stude nt

FacSSN 111-11-1111 111-11-1111 111-11-1111 222-22-2222 222-22-2222 222-22-2222 333-33-3333 333-33-3333 333-33-3333 StdSSN 111-11-1111 444-44-4444 555-55-5555 111-11-1111 444-44-4444 555-55-5555 111-11-1111 444-44-4444 555-55-5555

Stude nt
StdSSN 111-11-1111 444-44-4444 555-55-5555

Relational Algebra: RESULT= Faculty Student SQL: SELECT * FROM Faculty, Student;
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EQUI-Join
Faculty

Example:

FacSSN FacName 111-11-1111 joe 222-22-2222 sue 333-33-3333 sara

EQUI-Join EQUI-Join Natural Join of Offe ring and Faculty

FacSSN FacName OfferNo 111-11-1111 joe 1111 222-22-2222 111-11-1111 sue joe 2222 3333

Offe ring
OfferNo FacSSN 1111 111-11-1111 2222 222-22-2222 3333 111-11-1111

RESULT= Faculty (Faculty.FacSSM=Offering.FacSSN)Offering; SELECT * FROM Faculty, Offering WHERE Faculty.FacSSN=Offering.FacSSN;

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Exercise 1 for Equi-Join

SQL query
a. T1
(T1.P=T2.A)T2

Result

b. T1

(T1.Q=T2.B)T2

NATURAL-Join
Faculty

Example:

FacSSN FacName 111-11-1111 joe 222-22-2222 sue 333-33-3333 sara

Natural Join of Offe ring and Faculty

FacSSN FacName OfferNo 111-11-1111 joe 1111 222-22-2222 111-11-1111 sue joe 2222 3333

Offe ring
OfferNo FacSSN 1111 111-11-1111 2222 222-22-2222 3333 111-11-1111

RESULT= Faculty * Offering; SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE NATURAL JOIN DEPARTMENT

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THETA Join
Example:

RESULT=Car {CarPrice>BoatPrice} Boat; Result=R1 {Condition} R2; Condition: {<, >, =, , , }; EquiJoin when =. SELECT * FROM Car, Boat WHERE CarPrice>BoatPrice;

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THETA Join
Faculty

Example:

FacSSN FacName 111-11-1111 joe 222-22-2222 sue 333-33-3333 sara

EQUI-Join Theta-Join Natural Join of Offe ring and Faculty

FacSSN FacName OfferNo 111-11-1111 joe 1111 222-22-2222 111-11-1111 sue joe 2222 3333

Offe ring
OfferNo FacSSN 1111 111-11-1111 2222 222-22-2222 3333 111-11-1111

SELECT * FROM Faculty, Offering WHERE Faculty.FacSSM=Offering.FacSSN;

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Exercise 2
Department Student
Dno Dname DHeadSsn Location

SID

Sname

Dno

SAge

Faculty

FSsn

Fname

Dno

FAge

Write Relational Algebra and SQL queries for following questions: What are the names of students who are from department Computer Science? What are the names of faculties who are younger than a student? What are the names of faculties who works in Keller Hall?
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Summary
Binary Operation
Operation from Set Theory
UNION INTERSECTION DIFFERENCE CARTESIAN PRODUCT

Join Operation
Equi-Join Natural Join Theta Join
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Reference
Materials in the slides are from Elmasri, Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, 6th, Addison Wesley and Michael V. Mannino, Database: Design, Application Development & Administration, Third Edition, McGraw Hill

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