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01 LTE Overview 65
01 LTE Overview 65
Objects
Know Mobile Network Evolution Know LTE Protocol Standard Master the LTE Architecture Understand LTE Key Technology Master the eNodeB Function Know ZTE LTE Solution
Contents
Mobile Network Evolution LTE Architecture and Benefits LTE Key Technology ZTE LTE Solution
Big Transition
Profitability
HSPA
TDD
HSDPA R5
LTE
4G
FDD
cdma 1x
cdma 2000
802.16 d
802.16 e
2G
2.5G
2.75G
3G
3.5G
3.75G
3.9G
4G
Multi-Standards Coexist : OFDM, OFDMA and MIMO, basic technologies in different standards, are employed in multi wireless access technology. Multi-frequency Coexistence: More frequency bands are available and standardized. Mobile Broadband: Increase spectrum utilization; reduce the cost of wireless data services; ready for multimedia-based services.
Evolution of Speed
Technologies Comparison
802.16e (WiMAX) HSPA+ LTE
TDD MIMO
OFDMA 64QAM
FDD MIMO
WCDMA
64QAM DL
OFDMA SC-FDMA
64QAM
16QAM UL
BW: 5MHz
1.4 | 3 | 5 | 10 | 20MHz
63.36Mbps DL
2*2 10MHz
42Mbps DL
2*2 5MHz
150Mbps DL
2*2 20MHz
28.22Mbps UL
2*2 10MHz
11.5Mbps UL
5MHz
75Mbps UL
2*2 20MHz
2008. Q3 3G spectrum
NGMN
3GPP
Standard
LSTI
Key Requirements
Enhanced Coverage
Variety of Bandwidth
Contents
Mobile Network Evolution LTE Architecture and Benefits LTE Key Technology ZTE LTE Solution
SGSN
UTRAN S3 S1-MME
HSS
S6a
MME
S4 S11 S10 LTE-Uu
UE
PCRF
S7 Rx+
E-UTRAN
S1-U
Serving Gateway
S5
PDN Gateway
E-UTRAN Structure
MME / S-GW MME / S-GW
EPC
S1
EPS
eNodeB
EUTRAN
eNodeB
X2 X2
X2
Node B
eNodeB
eNodeB
Interface between eNodeBs Only one Node in E-UTRAN eNodeB Evolved Packet Core EPC Evolved Packet System EPS Flexible band width Higher spectrum efficiency
internet
E-UTRAN
EPC
eNodeB Function
Radio Resource Management
Selection MME
Routing
eNodeB
MME Function
NAS signalling AS Security control Idle mode UE Reachability Tracking Area list management PDN GW/Serving GW/MME/SGSN
MME
Roaming Authentication
SGW Function
Mobility anchoring
SGW
Transport level packet marking
PDN GW Function
Per-user based packet filtering
Lawful Interception
PDN GW
UL and DL service level charging, gating and rate enforcement; DL rate enforcement based on AMBR
MME
x-GW
PCRF
MGW
RNC
SGSN RNC
EPC
IP Backbone
Node B Node B
IP Backbone
eNode B eNode B
Better reliability
MME/x-GW Integrates CN & partial RNC functions eNode B
Flat network structure and IP-based network can reduce the TCO of LTE network.
LTE Characteristics
LTE Key Technologies
LTE Highlights
Higher Peak Data Rate: Instantaneous data rate of 150Mbps for downlink and 50Mbps for uplink in 20MHz
OFDM Modulation
64QAM
LTE Requirements
Flexible Spectrum Allocation: Scalable channel bandwidth configuration, Support both FDD & TDD
Better Business Experience: Lower latency with less than 5ms in ideal conditions
LTE-A R9 R10
R11
LTE-Advanced Higher efficiency and throughput
R8 can fulfill the requirements of initial commercialization; R10 is a complete version for large-scale commercialization
38
39 40
Investment Protection
Reuse of Sites and infrastructure
HSPA
LTE
HSPA
LTE
Scalable bandwidth
Optimized spectrum usage
3G
HSPA
HSPA+
LTE
LTE improves user experience by high capacity, quick response, high data-rate and better QoS.
Contents
Mobile Network Evolution LTE Architecture and Benefits LTE Key Technology ZTE LTE Solution
LTE OFDM+MIMO+IP
OFDM MIMO AMC HARQ Channel Scheduling and Fast Scheduling ICIC (Inter Cell Interference Cancellation)
Link adaptive technology can be realized by two methods: power control and data speed control. Normally, the link adaptive technology is data speed control. In LTE, it is the Adaptive Modulation and Coding technology. AMC can make eNode B duly adjust modulation mode(QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM) and coding rate according to channel status which is feed back by UE. For the long-delay packet data, AMC can improve the system capacity but no interference to the neighbor cell.
Dynamically adjust Tx power, maintain the receivers SNR, consequently guarantee link transmission quality. When the channel condition becomes worse, it needs increasing Tx power; when the channel condition becomes better, it needs reducing Tx power. Then this can guarantee the invariable transmission data speed.
Power control can avoid inner-cell users interference
Tx Power
Channel Quality
Data Speed
Modulation mode
adaptive
UE 3 UE 2
UE 1
TTI 1
TTI 2
TTI 3
TTI k
TTI m
Time
UE 1
SubBand m
Frequency
To ensure link quality can be realized by adjusting modulation mode and coding speed when the Tx power is not changeable. When the channel condition is worse, choose the lower modulation mode and data speed. When the channel condition is better, choose the higher modulation mode and data speed.
Data control can make the best of all power
Tx Power
Channel Quality
Data Speed
LTE uplink adaptive technology is based on uplink channel quality tested by BS, and straightly confirm the modulation mode and coding speed. LTE downlink adaptive technology is based on CQI feed back by UE and select the corresponding modulation mode and coding speed from predefined table.
Efficiency
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
QPSK
QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM
78
120 193 308 449 602 378 490 616 466 567 666 772 873 948
0.1523
0.2344 0.3770 0.6016 0.8770 1.1758 1.4766 1.9141 2.4063 2.7305 3.3223 3.9023 4.5234 5.1152 5.5547
HARQ
FECForward Error Correction ARQAutomatic Repeat reQuest HARQ=FEC+ARQ
Data Transmission
FEC Coding
Channel
FEC Decoding
Data Receiver
Advantage:
Disadvantage:
Lower
reliability
Automatic
and retransmission
longer code. So the coding efficiency is lower, the complexity and cost are higher.
Data Receiver
ACK/NACK
Advantage:
Disadvantage:
Complexity is lower
Reliability is higher is higher
lower
Transmission
Adaptability
efficiency is lower
HARQ Mechanism
Forward Channel FEC Coding After receiving ACK, transmit the next packet After receiving NACK, retransmit the original packet FEC error verify and check After receiving the correct packet, send the ACK. Otherwise, send NACK.
Reverse Controller
HARQ Characteristic
N-Process Stop-and-Wait HARQ transmits and retransmits the transmission block. Downlink
Asynchronous adaptive HARQ ACK/NACK is transmitted by PUCCH or PUSCH. PDCCH indicates HARQ program number, initial transmission or retransmission. Retransmission always is always scheduled by PDCCH. Synchronous HARQ Configure the maximum retransmission times for each UE. ACK/NACK is transmitted by PHICH.
Uplink
The HARQ processing is introduced into 3GPP from R5 HSDPA, and reused in LTE. eNodeB supports both Chase-Combing (CC) HARQ and IncrementalRedundancy (IR) HARQ. CC HARQ uses the same redundancy version (RV) among all the transmission and retransmissions. IR HARQ uses the different redundancy version (RV) among all the transmission and retransmissions, to achieve the maximum combining gain. The DL HARQ in LTE is an asynchronous adaptive one, which means the retransmission can be arranged at any time after NACK is received for last transmission, and the retransmission can use wireless resources different with that of last transmission. eNodeB supports UL synchronous non-adaptive and adaptive HARQ processing, which means the retransmission have to occur in dedicated sub-frame after NACK is received for last transmission, while the retransmission can use the same or different wireless resources from last transmission.
Channel Scheduling(1)
For one resource block, it will select the user with the best channel transmission condition to schedule to maximize the system throughput.
Multi-user diversity
Channel Quality BS valid channel change
User1
User2 User3
time
Channel Scheduling(2)
Fast Scheduling
Fast Scheduling
Polling based on time
Each user is served one by one, and has the same average server time. But the flux for each user is different due to the diverse environment. No matter what kind of environment the user is located in, the user can be served one by one and be guaranteed to get the same flux. System will trace the wireless channels C/I of each user, and confirm the users priority by C/I to ensure the served user at each moment have the maximum C/I Integrate the methods above, look after the most portion users satisfaction, and guarantee the higher system throughput.
Max C/I
PF
ICIC
Scrambling Frequency-Hopping Transmit Beamforming and IRC Inter Cell Interference Coordination Power Control
ICIC-Scrambling
LTE makes use of sequence randomization to avoid inter cell interference. Normally, scrambling is after the channel coding, and before the modulation. It is bit-scrambling.
PDSCH PUCCH format 2/2a/2b PUSCH Scrambling sequence is related with UE id, cell id and slot start position. PMCH Scrambling sequence is related with MBSFN id and slot start position. PBCHPCFICHPDCCH Scrambling sequence is related with cell id and slot start position.
PHICHs scrambling is after modulation when the sequence is expanding Scrambling sequence is related with cell id and slot start position.
User 1 interleaving Scrambling
LTE supports Frequency-Hopping transmission in downlink and uplink, it can randomize the inter cell interference.
Except PBCH, the other downlink physical control channels resource mapping is related with cell id. PDSCH, PUSCH and PUCCHs Frequency Hopping transmission is in sub-frame. PUSCHs Frequency Hopping transmission happens among the sub-frames.
ICIC-Beamforming
Increase the expected users signal strength. Decrease the interference to the other users. Specially, if beamforming has known the location of the user who was interfered, it will reduce the power to this location.
expected user
Interfered user
ICIC-IRC
IRC (Interference Rejection Combining) When the receiver has multi-antennas, the receiver can use the multi-antennas to decrease the inter-users interference. The principle is to weight the received signal, restrain the strong interference.
Target BS
Interference BS
downlink
uplink
Interference MS
LTE supports static ICIC algorithms. And there is no load information exchange through X2 interface for static ICIC. Based on RSRP measurement on serving cell and neighboring cells of the same frequency, UE can be divided into two groups: cell center users and cell edge users. The cell center users, whose received signal strengthen of serving cell is better than neighbors, are not likely to interfere or be interfered by users in neighbor cells; Based on cell topology and frequency division method (Fractional FR or Soft FR), all PRB resources can be classified into cell edge preference and cell center dedicated PRBs, without overlapping. These PRB resources can be allocated statically, or semi-statically; The frequency reuse factor for Fractional FR is 1 for cell central users, and 3 for cell edge users.
ICIC-Power Control
Inter-Cell Power Control To control the target cell IoT by informing the IoT to the other cell. Intra-Cell Power Control Compensate the path loss and shadow fading to save the UE transmission power, try to decrease the interference to the other cells, keep the IoT under a certain level.
Expected Signal
Power Control
PUSCH TPC is given by PUSCHs scheduling signaling(DCI format 0) or multiplexed with other users TPC(DCI format 3/3A). PUCCHs TPC is given by PDSCHs scheduling signaling(DCI format 0) or multiplexed with other users TPC(DCI format 3/3A). SRS has no specific TPC, it borrows PUSCHTPC, and be informed the power warp by higher layer.
Contents
Mobile Network Evolution LTE Architecture and Benefits LTE Key Technology ZTE LTE Solution
Green
TDSCDMA
Support multi-mode/multi-band GSM/UMTS/CDMA/LTE 700M/DD/900M/1800M/AWS/2.1G/2.6G The SDR base station shipments rank No.1 in the world.
ZTE SDR
CDMA2000 1X
Upgrade software and add the baseband module CDMA2000 1X CDMA2000 EV-DO
CDMA2000CDMA2000 1X+EV-DOLTE/CDMA Adding the baseband module and RRU for enhanced functions. ZTE SDR base stations can be quickly deployed and protect carriers long-term investments.
CDMA
CDMA RRU
LTE RRU
PM FS PM SA CC CC
PM FS PM SA CC CC
CDMA
LTE(5M or10M)
< 20MHz
PM FS PM SA CC CC
PM FS PM SA CC CC
For the same band, share the RRU and add LTE channel units.
800M ANT
700M ANT
CDMA RRU
LTE RRU
CDMA RRU
LTE RRU
Full series
Unified hardware platform Multi-mode/Multi-band & smooth evolution
ZXSDR BS8900A
ZXSDR BS8800 ZXSDR BS8906
All IP
Unified network management Green network solution Low TCO
C/L Dual-Mode
B8200
Feeder sharing
Flexible Deployment
RRU
On the pole BBU in any 19 inch rack BBU & RRU indoor installed on a standing pole
On the Wall
BBU
On the Wall
In BTS Rack
In Transmission Rack
Transmission Solution
TDM E1 IP over E1 Abis E1/STM-1/GE
Fiber
BSC
CDMA
IMA E1 FE/GE
Microwave
PTN/CE
Iub E1/STM-1/GE
RNC MSC
Copper
GE/10GE
LTE
FE/GE
OTN
SGSN
x-GW
L2 ACC L3/L2 AGG
GE/10GE
SR/BRAS
All mobile scenarios Uni-transmission for 2G/3G/LTE All-packet core, PWE3, CESoPSN, high-efficiency transmission E2E OAM and protection, lower OPEX Flexible sync solution, high-precision performance Multi-media access Providing fiber, copper, microwave access