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The Phenol + Formaldehyde RXN
The Phenol + Formaldehyde RXN
Network formation
Further reaction under heat & pressure builds up densely cross-linked network. This is Bakelite, a thermosetting polymer. Once reaction is complete, material cannot be reheated and/or reformed
Bakelite
Bakelite telephone
Bakelite camera
Bakelite radio
Bakelite microphone
Crosslinking
Take linear polymer chains & link using covalent bonds
Crosslinking
Ex: rxn of natural rubber or poly(isoprene)
- CH2
CH2 - CH2 CH2 - CH2 CH2 C=C C=C C=C CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H
with sulfur - interconnects the chains by reacting with the double bonds
(vulcanization)
Crosslinking
Tacticity
Tacticity
Ex: polypropylene
CH3 propylene monomer: CH2=CH CH3 upon polymerization: CH2C H
Tacticity
isotactic
Tacticity
syndiotactic
atactic
Tacticity
Polypropylene
- largely isotactic
Tacticity
Copolymers
-A-B-B-B-A-A-B-A-B-A-A-A-B-A-B-B-A-B-B-A-A-A-BRandom Copolymers
-A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B-A-BAlternating Copolymers
-A-A-A-A-A-A-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-A-A-A-A-A-ABlock Copolymers
A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-
-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-BA-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-AA-A-A-A-A-AGraft Copolymers
Blends
miscible
immiscible
single phase
Molecular weight
CH4 ----------------------------------------CH3 - CH3 -------------------------------Gases CH3 - CH2 _ CH3 -----------------------CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3 --------------CH3 - (CH2)6 _ CH3 CH3 - (CH2)30 _ CH3
Liquids
16 30 44 58 114
--------------"Semi-solid"
--------------Solids
450
----------
420030
Molecular weight
There is a distribution
Molecular weight
Is it important?
Tensile Strength
Melt Viscosity
Mol. Wt.
Mol. Wt.
Molecular weight
Is it important?
Very important in processing If viscosity too high, polymer difficult to process
Blow molding
Blow molding
Step 2: use air pressure to inflate preform inside closed, hollow mold. Polymer expands to take shape of cooled mold & solidifies under pressure
Crystallizable polymers