EE 204

Analog Electronics II

Frequency Response


EE 204 Analog Electronics II
Frequency Response BJT/MOSFET

Differential amplifiers, Multistage amplifiers

Feedback amplifiers and their configurations, feedback
topologies, loop gain, stability using Bode plot,
frequency compensation

Output stages and power amplifiers, classA amplifiers,
class-B amplifiers, class-AB amplifiers, Biasing, IC
power amplifier, MOS power transistors.

3
MOS Field-Effect
Transistors (MOSFETs)
Small Signal Equivalent Circuit Models S-domain analysis, Bode plots,
Amplifier Transfer Function and frequency response

Low and High frequency response of common source and common
emitter amplifiers, Millers theorem.

4
Bipolar Junction
Transistors (BJTs)
Small Signal Equivalent Circuit Models S-domain analysis, Bode
plots, Amplifier Transfer Function and frequency response

Low and High frequency response of common source and
common emitter amplifiers, Millers theorem.
5
Single-Stage Integrated-
Circuit Amplifiers
Frequency Response of Common Gate, Common Base and Cascode
configuration.

Frequency Response of Emitter & Source Followers
Frequency Response of Amplifiers
Input signal to an amplifier is expressed as
the sum of sinusoidal signals.

Characterization of amplifier performance
is known as the amplifier frequency
Response.
Frequency Response
The frequency response of a circuit is the variation in its behavior
with change in signal frequency.

The frequency response of amplifier circuits is considered by using
their transfer functions

Systematic way of obtaining the frequency response is to us Bode
plots

Keep the amplitude of the sinusoidal source constant and vary the
frequency, to obtain the circuits frequency response.

The frequency response is regarded as a complete description of
the sinusoidal steady-state behavior of a circuit as a function of
frequency.

Achieve important concepts such as mid-band gain, cutoff frequency
and bandwidth and unity gain-bandwidth Product.
Define bandwidth, cutoff frequency, and geometric center
frequency, and identify each on a frequency-response curve.

Calculate any two of the following values, given the other two:
Geometric center frequency, or bandwidth, f
L
, f
H
.

Describe the decade and octave frequency multipliers.

Compare and contrast the Bode plot with the frequency-
response curve.

Perform a complete low-frequency analysis of a BJT amplifier.

Discuss the concept of gain roll-off and calculate its effect on
voltage gain at a given operating frequency.

Explain why BJT internal capacitances are not considered in
low-frequency analyses.
Objectives : Frequency Response
Objectives : Frequency Response
Calculate the Miller input and output capacitance values
for a BJT amplifier.

Perform a complete high-frequency analysis of a BJT
amplifier.

Compare high-frequency roll-off rates to low-frequency
roll-off rates.

Perform the low-frequency-response analysis of an FET
amplifier.

Perform the high-frequency-response analysis of an FET
amplifier.

Describe and analyze the frequency response of a
multistage amplifier/DA.
Frequency Response
Centre Frequency
f
o
= f
L
f
H
f
o

Decible
In communications systems, gain is
measured in bels. Historically, the bel is
used to measure the ratio of two levels of
power or power gain G; that is,
G=Number of bels=log
10
P
2
/ P
1

G=Number of Decibel (dB)=10 log
10

P
2
/ P

Alternatively, the gain G can be expressed
in terms of voltage or current ratio
G
dB
=20log
10
V
2
/V
1

Bode Plot
Bode plots use a logarithmic scale for the
frequency axis and a linear scale in each
of the separate plots of magnitude and
phase.

Bode plots are semilog plots of the
magnitude (in decibels) and phase (in
degrees) of a transfer function versus
frequency.

Bode Plot Used to Estimate Zeros
& Poles

Measuring of Frequency Response of
a linear Amplifier
Input signal v
i
=V
i
sint
Output Signal v
o
=V
o
sin(t+)
Signals are characterized by
Amplitude, Frequency and Phase

Transfer Function
Magnitude of Amplifier Gain
Ratio of the amplitude of output sinusoid (V
o
) to the amplitude
of the input sinusoid (V
i
) at the input frequency ()
Gain |T()|= Vo/Vi
Graph of gain magnitude |T()| verses frequency - Bode Plot
Phase Angle
The phase of the amplitude transmission T() at the input
frequency
Phase Angle <T() =
Graph of phase angle <T() verses frequency - Bode Plot
Amplifier Bandwidth
Constant gain between
L
&
H

Lower gain below

L
& above
H

Amplifier Bandwidth
Band over which the gain of amplifier is almost
constant to within a certain number of decibel (3 dB).
3 dB frequency is also known as Corner frequency or
Break frequency

Designing an amplifier
Its bandwidth must coincide with the spectrum of the
signal it is required to amplify otherwise, amplifier
would distort the frequency spectrum with different
components amplified by different amount.
Evaluating the Frequency Response of Amplifier
Analyze the amplifier equivalent circuit model
(Small Signal Model) taking into account all
reactive components.

Represent all reactive components by their
reactance in complex frequency variables s
C to 1/sC

Perform analysis to obtain the transfer function
T(s) = V
0
(s)/V
i
(s)

Subsequently replace s into j to determine
the network transfer function T (j)
Amplifier Transfer Function
Amplifier Types

Direct Coupled
Capacitively Coupled

Difference
Gain of the ac amplifier falls off at low and high
frequencies

Amplifier gain is constant over a wide range of
frequencies, called Mid-band
All capacitance (coupling, bypass and transistor
internal capacitance) are neglected
Frequency Response dc & ac
Amplifier
DIRECT COUPLED Amplifier
CAPACITIVELY Amplifier
Magnitude 3-D Graph
Single Time constant (STC) Network
STC is the network that can be reduced to
one reactive component and one resistor

Time constant of an STC network (RC)
is = CR

Categories
High Pass
Low-Pass

Classification of STC circuit
Low Pass (type)
High Pass (type)
Rules for finding the type of STC circuit

Time at Replace Circuit
BLP if
Circuit is
HP if
= 0 C by o.c
L by s.c
Output
infinite
Output is
zero
= C by s.c
L by o.c
Output is
zero
Output is
finite
Low Frequency Response
Low Frequency Response
STC --- High-Pass Filter
Zero of the Transfer Function
V
o
(s)/V
i
(s) = 0

s = 0,
z
=0
Pole of the Transfer Function
V
o
(s)/V
i
(s) =

s+1/RC = 0,
p
= 1/RC
Magnitude of STC networks High-pass type.
High-Pass Filter
Zero of the Transfer Function
V
o
(s)/V
i
(s) = 0
Pole of the Transfer Function
V
o
(s)/V
i
(s) =
1
1
1
1
1
||
sCR
R
sC
R
+
= =
|
.
|

\
|
| |
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1 2 1
||
1 1
0
R R C
R R
R R
C
s R sCR R R
p
=
+
= = = = + + e
1
2 1 2 1
1
1
2 1 2
1 1
0
1
||
sCR
R sCR R R
sCR
R
R
sC
R R
+
+ +
=
+
+ = =
|
.
|

\
|
+
1
1
1
0 1
CR
s sCR
z
= = = = + e
p
z
i
o
s
s
k
sC
R R
R
s V
s V
e
e
+
+
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
1
||
) (
) (
1 2
2
High-Pass Filter
Zero of the Transfer Function
V
o
(s)/V
i
(s) = 0
Pole of the Transfer Function
V
o
(s)/V
i
(s) =
| |
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
||
1 1
0 || 1
R R C
R R
R R
C
s R sCR
p
=
+
= = = + e
1
1
1
0 1
CR
s sCR
z
= = = = + e
( )
2 1 2 1
1 2
1
1
2
2
1 2
2
1
1
1
||
) (
) (
R sCR R R
sCR R
sCR
R
R
R
sC
R R
R
s V
s V
i
o
+ +
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
( ) ( )
( )
(

+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
+ +
+
=
2 1
1
2 1
2
2 1 2 1
1 2
|| 1
1 1
) (
) (
R R sC
sCR
R R
R
R sCR R R
sCR R
s V
s V
i
o
( )
( )
(

+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
2 1
1
2 1
2
|| 1
1
) (
) (
R R sC
sCR
R R
R
s V
s V
i
o
Procedure
First reduce the excitation to zero
Voltage independent replaced by a short
circuit
Current source replaced by a open circuit

Grab hold the two terminals of the
reactive component

Find the equivalent resistance R
eq
seen
by the reactive component

Time constant = CR
eq
or L/R
eq

t
Rapid Evaluation
High Frequency Response
STC --- Low-Pass Filter
Zero of the Transfer Function
V
o
(s)/V
i
(s) = 0
Pole of the Transfer Function
V
o
(s)/V
i
(s) =
Network poles or natural modes,
are independent of the excitation
= = = +
z
s sCR e
1
1
RC
s sCR
p
1
0 1 = = = + e
Magnitude response of STC networks of the low-pass type.
Low-Pass Filter
1
2 1
2
1
1
1
||
1
||
) (
) (
p
Z
i
o
s
s
k
sC
R R
sC
R
s V
s V
e
e
+
+
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
Zero of the Transfer Function
V
o
(s)/V
i
(s) = 0
Pole of the Transfer Function
V
o
(s)/V
i
(s) =
2
2
2
1
0
1
||
sCR
R
sC
R
+
= =
|
.
|

\
|
| |
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1 2 1
||
1 1
0
R R C
R R
R R
C
s R sCR R R
p
=
+
= = = = + + e
2
2 1 2 1
2
2
1 2 1
1 1
0
1
||
sCR
R sCR R R
sCR
R
R
sC
R R
+
+ +
=
+
+ = =
|
.
|

\
|
+
= = = = +
z
s sCR e
1
1
Low-Pass Filter
p
i
o
i
o
i
o
s
R R
R
s V
s V
R R sC R R
R
R R
R R
R sCR R R
R
s V
s V
sCR
R
R
sCR
R
sC
R R
sC
R
s V
s V
e
+

+
=
+ +
=
+
+

+ +
=
+
+
+
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
1
1
) (
) (
) || ( 1
1
1
1
) (
) (
1
1
1
||
1
||
) (
) (
2 1
2
2 1 2 1
2
2 1
2 1
2 1 2 1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2 1
2

) R C(R
1
1
1
) R C(R
1
CR
1

, 0 @
0 @ cct short as acts Capacitor as
0 @

2 1
2 1
2
) (
) (
2 1 eq
p
) ( p
z
) ( z
2 1
2
) (
) (
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
+
= =
=
= =
=
+
= =
R R
R
s
s
k
V
V
f or C Find R V Find
V Find
R R
R
k
V
V
Capacitor cct open By k Find
p
z
s i
s o
eq s i
s o
s i
s o
e
e
e
e
e
e
1
2 1
2
1
1
1
||
1
||
) (
) (
p
i
o
s
k
sC
R R
sC
R
s V
s V
e
+
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
Low-Pass Filter
p
z
i
o
s
s
k
R R sC
sCR
R R
R
sC
R R
sC
R
s V
s V
s T
e
e
+
+
=
+ +
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
+ +
+
= =
1
1
) ( 1
1
1
1
) (
) (
) (
2 1
2
2 1
2
2 1
2
Find k k = V
o
(s)/V
i
(s) while C is short circuited

Z
while V
o
(s)=0 s = - 1/CR
2

p
while V
i
(s)=0 s = - 1/C(R
1
+R
2
)


Frequency Response

Rad/sec
0 10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M .. 100
G
1000
G
XC
1

100k 10K 1K 100 10 1 0.1 ..
XC
2



10
14
10
13
10
12
10
11
10
10
1G

100M .. 10K 1K
V
out
0 0.9 4.5 8.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.0 4.7
42
Frequency Response
True Bode Plot Deviations
f/f
0
(/
0
)
Magnitud
e error
dB
Phase
error
degrees
0.1 0.04 + 5.7
0.5 1 - 4.0
1 3 0
2 1 + 4.0
10 0.04 - 5.7
Magnitude response
|A| =20 log
Phase Response
=
Magnitude response
|A| =20 log
Phase Response
=
High Pass
Low Pass
Notations
Voltage & Current are function of
Frequency

Symbols used are uppercase letter with
lowercase subscripts ( V
gs
, I
b
)
Internal Capacitance

BJT
47
BJT Internal Capacitances
Effect of capacitances was neglected

Actual BJT exhibit charge storage
phenomena that limit speed and frequency
of its operation

Frequency dependence are amplifier gain
and the time delays for BJT being used as
a switch or logic inverter.
48
Cross-section of an npn BJT.
49
Small Signal Model
50
High Frequency Hybrid Model
C

= EBJ Capacitance
Range
a few Pico-Farads to a few tens of Pico-Farads
C

= CBJ Capacitance
Range
a Fraction of Pico-Farad a few Pico Farads
51
r
x
Resistance of silicon material of the
base region between the Base terminal
and a fictitious internal base terminal

Value of is a few hundred ohms.
r
x
<< r

- Neglected at low Frequency
- Effective at high Frequency
High Frequency Hybrid Model
Internal Capacitance - Included
The gain of every MOSFET amplifier falls
off at some high frequency

Exhibit finite nonzero propagation delay

Capacitance
Gate capacitance C
OX
Gate electrode
forms a parallel plate capacitance with the
channel, with the silicon oxide layer as
dielectric
Frequency Response

MOSFET
Internal Capacitance : MOSFET
Four terminal capacitance G,D,S,B
C
gs
, C
gd
, C
gb
, C
sb
, C
db
MOSFET Internal Capacitances
High Frequency Model
High-frequency equivalent circuit model for the MOSFET.
Normally Body is connected with the Source
C
db
is added to the load capacitance
Common-Source amplifier
C
gs
= 4.0pF
C
gd
= 1.0pF
C
ds
= 1.0pF
Frequency Response @10 Rad/sec
For Low Frequency analysis
Internal Capacitors are open cicuited
Low-frequency response of a CS amplifier
Frequency Response @10 K Rad/sec
For Midband Frequency analysis
External Capacitors are short cicuited
Internal Capacitors are open cicuited
Frequency Response @10 G Rad/sec
ForHigh Frequency analysis
External Capacitors are short cicuited
Normalized high-frequency response of the
amplifier
Capacitively coupled common-source amplifier
Frequency Response : CE with R
E

25 ohm
/g
m
40 ohm
Frequency Response : CE
Avoid External Capacitors :CE
Cc1 Blocking / Coupling Capacitor
Blocks DC at node B from effecting the signal source cct.
Use constant current source or two power supplies Biasing Technique
DC components in signal source
The circuit should be in-sensitive to DC components ------
Responds to differential signal input
Cc2 Blocking / Coupling Capacitor
Blocks DC at node C from effecting the load
Output should have NO DC Components
By-pass capacitor
Keeps Emitter at signal ground
Ensure that emitter remains at signal ground
Direct Coupled Amplifier : DA
Amplifiers being studied are intended for fabrication using IC
technology

Don't employ Coupling/By-pass capacitors

IC cascade amplifier are directly coupled. Thus do not utilize
large coupling capacitor

Gain remains constant at its mid-band value A
M
down to
zero frequency

No gain reduction at low frequency.

Gain falls off at high frequency due to internal capacitance