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Fundamentals of Communication
Fundamentals of Communication
Fundamentals of Communication
Objectives
Understand how binary streams are physically generated Learn how carriers are modulated to carry the binary streams Understand important transmission concepts, including attenuation, bandwidth, channel capacity, and multiplexing
Objectives (continued)
Learn the properties of different types of transmission media Identify sources of transmission errors and learn about error detection and correction techniques for digital transmission systems
Electrical Signaling
Electrical signals transmitted through conducting materials, such as metal wires, effectively transmit both analog and digital information Metallic conductors, such as copper wires, comprise atoms with loosely attached electrons, or negatively charged particles, around their nuclei
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Modulation/Demodulation
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Light-Wave Communications
Light-wave communication systems frequently use infrared, as in fiber-optic communication, and infrared/visible light, as in free-space optical communications, for carrying information
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Attenuation
When signals travel through any transmission medium, including fiber-optic cable, copper wire, or free space, they lose energy The loss of energy, called attenuation, is a significant factor that affects the quality and distance of communications
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Attenuation (continued)
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Attenuation (continued)
Attenuation is measured in decibels (dB), and each transmission medium has its own attenuation figure, which is measured in dB per unit length In long-haul communication systems, electronic devices called repeaters serve as amplifiers, and are placed at certain intervals to amplify weak signals and relay them along the transmission line
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Attenuation (continued)
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Bandwidth
The primary factor that generally governs the choice of transmission media is its bandwidth In digital systems, the maximum number of bits per second (channel capacity, or C) that can reliably be carried over a channel depends on the bandwidth B (expressed in Hz) of the channel and a unitless ratio called the signalto-noise ratio (SNR) The formula is: C = B log2(1+SNR)
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Bandwidth (continued)
Sources of noise in communication systems are numerous An important type of noise is called thermal noise; it arises from random agitation of electrons of the conductor material due to heat
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Multiplexing
A single line can simultaneously transmit multiple information-carrying signals using a technique called multiplexing Multiplexing signals over a single transmission line uses one of several possible techniques: Time division multiplexing (TDM) Frequency division multiplexing (FDM) Statistical multiplexing Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)
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Multiplexing (continued)
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Coaxial Cable
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Twisted Pair
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Coaxial Cable
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Block Codes
Single parity checking Rectangular coding Cyclic redundancy checking (CRC)
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Rectangular Coding
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Convolutional Codes
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Summary
Binary signaling schemes communicate digital information over a transmission system by corresponding a 0 or a 1 to one of two discrete voltage values Signaling schemes may be extended to M-ary signaling, whereby log2M groups of bits may be sent at one time using M different signaling levels The capacity of a channel, expressed in bits per second, depends on the bandwidth and the signal-to-noise ratio of the channel Modulation techniques superimpose information signals onto a carrier wave, such as a radio wave or a light wave, by varying some of its properties, such as the waves amplitude, frequency, and phase
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Summary (continued)
Attenuation (measured in decibels) is the loss of energy occurring over a transmission line; it is a major factor that affects the quality and distance of communications Multiplexing techniques enable a single transmission line to simultaneously transmit multiple information-carrying signals Sources of transmission errors include electromagnetic interference, distortion, systems failures, and atmospheric conditions such as lightning and rain By encoding bit streams prior to transmission using error control coding (ECC) techniques, a receiver can detect and sometimes even correct errors that may occur at the receiver of a communication system
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