6.

Risk factors of Emotional Disorders in Children 1. Severe marital distress 2. 2. Low social status 3. 3. Overcrowding or large family size 4. Paternal criminality 5. Maternal psychiatric disorder Admissions of children into foster home placement

3.

General types of problems 1. Problems in learning leading to school failure 2. 2. Difficulty relating to peers 3. Difficulty complying with adult requests and commands

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Fails to finish things started Doesnt seem to listen / appearance of not listening Easily distracted / shifts from one activity to another Difficulty concentrating in school work or other tasks requiring sustained attention Often acts before thinking

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

May talk incessantly / frequently calls out in class Has difficulty awaiting turn in games or group situations Runs around and climbs on things excessively Difficulty following through on others instructions Often acts before thinking / engages in physically dangerous behavior

1.

Physical violence against persons or property (vandalism, rape, breaking into homes,fire-setting) 2. Thefts outside the home involving confrontation 3. Persistent serious lying 4. Repeated running away from home

5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Truancy from school and work Physical cruelty to animals or people Often initiates physical fights/using a weapon Forcing someone into sexual activity Absence of remorse or guilt

2.

1. Infant may not cuddle or respond when cuddled Delay in language development, usually very basic without much grammatical structure 3. Often involved with inanimate objects, never with people 4. Compulsive need for following routines 5. Head banging and body rocking are common

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Unable to visit friends, sleep at others home, attend camp Unable to stay in room by self Physical complaints in anticipation of separation Morbid fear of being separated from caretaker Sleep problems, nightmares involving separation

Significant sub-average intellectual functioning (IQ<70) 2. Deficits or impairments in adaptive functioning 3. Onset before the age of 18
1.

1.

Mild mental retardation (educable) IQ 50-70

1. 2. 3.

With social and communication skills Minimal impairment in sensory and motor areas Academic skills up to Gr. 6 level

2. Moderate mental retardation (trainable) IQ 35-49

2. 3. 4.

Poor awareness of social conventions May contribute to own support and supervision Academic skills up to Gr. 2 level

3.

Severe mental retardation (IQ 20-34)

Poor motor development; able to learn simple work tasks Little speech but may learn to talk in school and learn hygiene Profound mental retardation (IQ<20) some motor development; minimal self-care minimal capacity for sensory and motor functioning
3. 4.

1.

Genetic factors
1. 2. 3.
1.

Chromosomal abnormalities Inborn errors of metabolism; endocrine disorders 2. Acquired factors

Prenatal / perinatal / postnatal factors; Birth defects

1. 2. 3. 4.

Autistic disorder Retts disorder Childhood disintegrative disorder Aspergers disorder

1.
2. 3.

Common in girls who appear to have developed normally for at least 6 months, followed by developmental deterioration Pattern is compatible with a metabolic disorder hyperammonemia Associated feature includes the development of seizures

1.
2. 3.

Qualitative impairment in reciprocal social interaction and behavioral oddities No delays in language development; normal intelligence No clinically significant delay in cognitive development, self-help skills or curiosity about the environment

Myths of adolescent development 1. Adolescence is a time of universal storm and stress. 2. Rebelliousness is the typical pathway to autonomy. 3. Peer-parent conflict is inevitable during adolescence. 4. Peers replace parents as the major social influence.

1.
2. 3.

The adolescent undergoes marked physical change in both sexes. Endocrine glands are most involved. Pituitary gland, ovaries, testes and adrenal cortex undergo a growth spurt. The average span of puberty lasts for 5 years.

1.
2. 3.

Includes defining or refining the self; the growth task of the adolescent is the consolidation of his identity into an independent, fully-functioning adult. Self-concept is the cognitive aspect, self-esteem the affective aspect of identity development. Adolescent egocentrism assumes that other people are as consumed with his behavior and appearance as he/she is.

1. 2.
3. 4.

Sexuality coexists with the adolescents search for identity. Sexual development proceeds by role-taking, which progresses toward sexual intimacy. Receiving sex education from a parent decreases the likelihood of premarital sex or of multiple partners. The mass media have done much to present, and educate about sexuality.

Consolidates in the intellectual stage of formal operations. 2. Adolescent thought is flexible and effective; an adolescent can imagine many possibilities inherent in a given situation and can deal in abstracts & hypothetical propositions.
1.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Adjustment disorders Acting-out behavior Substance abuse Depression and suicide

5. Eating disorders bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa

6. Juvenile delinquency 7. Psychosis age group where onset of schizophrenia occurs

1.

The Elderly defining the population; individuals who have reached the age of 65 2. Terms: aged, senile old woman, dirty old man 3. Aging is a process of continuous physiological change from birth to death.

1.
2. 3. 4.

Discussing sad and traumatic events of the past makes elderly patients depressed. Rearranging a patients room provides a more stimulating environment for the elderly. Elderly people prefer to be with people their own age. Elderly patients are not willing to discuss their emotional problems.

5. 6. 7. 8.

Elderly people tend to become grouchy and stubborn. As you grow older, you must expect to depend on other people. Most elderly patients are confused at some time during the day. Elderly patients should be encouraged to perform self-care as much as possible.

9. 10.
11. 12.

It is bad for the elderly to talk about death and sickness. The elderly tend to be childish and are more secure if treated as a kind adult treats a child. Aged persons do not have sexual feelings or interest in the opposite sex. Elderly patients generally have poor memories

Respiratory system ineffective breathing patterns Cardiovascular system alterations in cardiac output Gastrointestinal system constipation, altered nutrition Genitourinary system alteration in elimination patterns

Eye/Ears/Nose/Throat alterations in vision and audition Neurological system sleep pattern disturbance, slowed responses and thought processes Integumentary system impairment in skin integrity Musculoskeletal system joint pains, limited movements

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Severe physical illness or mental illness Death of a spouse Threat of extreme dependency or institutionalization Retirement Pathological personal relationship Alcoholism and drug addiction

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Refusing medication Not following physicians orders and recommendations Smoking and drinking against medical advice Refusal to eat or eating minimally Placing self in a hazardous environment

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Reality orientation Resocialization groups / remotivation therapy Prevlab (prevention of loneliness, anxiety and boredom) Milieu therapy Self-image and reality therapy