Electromagnetic Field And Waves

EE 221
Spring 2004

Lecture 4
April 20 2004

Ahmed Junaid Omer
Electronics Department
Air University
Introduction
We have discussed static electric field and its
effects on different charge distributions.
We have not yet discussed the origin of
magnetic fields.
We will now see that currents (moving charges)
produce magnetic fields.
This can be thought of as the basic mechanism
by which all magnetic fields are produced.
History
1819 Hans Christian Oersted discovered
that a compass needle was deflected by a
current carrying wire
Then in 1920s Jean-Baptiste Biot and
Felix Savart performed experiements to
determine the force exerted on a compass
by a current carrying wire
There results were as follows
Jean-Baptiste Biot & Felix
Savarts Results
R
dL
dH
u
Magnetic field intensity
The length of small section of wire
The positional vector from the section of
the wire to where field is measured
I
DC current
Angel b/w R & dL
Biot & Savart law
All these results can be summarized as one result
2
2
4 R
d
d
R
d
d
t

R
R
a L I
H
a L I
H
Constant
Biot & Savart law (ctd)
2
4 R
Id
d
d d
t

=
=
=
R
0
0
0
a L
B
H B
H B
But we also know
So
Permeability of free space = 4 10
-7
H/m
Magnetic flux density
Biot- Savart law (ctd.)


dL
1

dB
1

dL
2

dB
i

dB
2

dL
i

R
1

R
2

R
i

=
=
+ + =
t

=
2
0
1
2
4
4
R
d
I
d
d d d d
R
Id
d
R i
i 2
R
0
a L
B
B B
B B B B
a L
B
We know
One example of using the Biot-
Savart Law
Direction of the field around a long
wire
Example
We can use Biot-Savart law to see the direction of field due to line segment
R
dB
dL
dB
1

R
Right hand rule
Comparison- Magnetic and Electric densities
dB
1

R
2
0
4
B
R
d
I d
R
a L
(

=
2
| | 4
1
| |
R
Q
D
t
=
Amperes circuital law
Amperes circuital law states that the line integral of H
about any closed path is exactly equal to the direct
current enclosed by that path.
I d
I d
0
= -
=
= -
}
}
L B
H B
Also
L H
0
Replacing
Amperes circuital law
I
B

r
dL
r
I
B
t

2
0
=
u = - cos d B d L L B
L d B d = - L B
Using Biot-Savart law
1 cos 0 = = u u
dL
r
I
t

= -
2
d
0
L B
Take a short vector on
a circle, dL
Thus the dot product of B & the
short vector dL is:
I
Amperes circuital law (ctd.)
I
B

r
dL
Sum (B . dL) around the circular path
dL
r
I
t

= -
2
0
dL B

-dL B

t

= dL
r
I
2
0

= dL
r
I
2
0
r dL t =

2
r
R
I
0
0
2
2
= t
t

= -

dL B
Sum this around the whole ring
Circumference of circle
Amperes circuital law (ctd.)
Sum (B . dL) around any path

0
= -

path
dL B

0
= -

circ.
dL B

-
path
dL B

0
=
N.B. this does not depend on R
In fact it does not depend on path
Amperes Law: on any closed loop
where I is the current flowing through the loop
Amperes circuital law (ctd.)

0
= -

path
dL B

0
2 = -

path
dL B
0 = -

path
dL B
B

B

I
I
I
I
Sign comes from direction of loop,
current & right hand rule
Amperes circuital law (ctd.)
No Different Physics from Biot-Savart
Law
Useful in cases where there is a high
degree of symmetry
C.f. Coulombs Law and Gausss Law in
electrostatics

0
d B = -

path
L
}
- = dL B
Quiz
1A
2A
5A
a
b
c
EB.dL -1
0
+3
0
+4
0
+6
0
a
b
c
d
Currents of 1A, 5A,
2A, flowing in 3 wires
as shown
What is
EB.dL
through loops
a, b, c, d?