PREPARED BY:

ALI WAQAS AHMAD

08-ME-46
 OBJECTIVES
• EARTH QUAKE
• DYNAMIC DESIGN
• RELATED PROBLEMS
 EARTH QUAKE
• An earthquake (also known as a tremor or
temblor) is the result of a sudden release of
energy in the Earth's crust that creates
seismic waves. Earthquakes are recorded
with a seismometer, also known as a

seismograph .
 Cause of Earthquakes
• Sudden movement of
earth rocks
Tectonic movement
 Measurement of earthquake

By the use the seismogram recordings made on the seismographs

at the surface of the earth to determine how large the earthquake
was .
 Earthquake fault types
• There are three main types of fault that may cause an earthquake: normal, reverse
(thrust) and strike-slip.
EARTH QUAKE PROTECTION
Seismic hazard reduction is very effective for that EARTH QUAKE
PROTECTION.This approach recognizes the inevitability of earthquakes and tries
to reduce their effect in populated regions.

MATERIALS
The choice of material is very important for the construction of a building.
We must know about materials, whether they are are ductile, flexible, if they can
take pressure without breaking or whether they are brittle and will crack easily
ARTCITECTURE

But the architecture is also important. First, the general

architecture of the building : symmetric building are more stable.
Then, some structures like bolted connections between steel
beams and columns make the buildings stronger. Some websites
also recommend special devices to protect his own house from
seisms.
The column and beam structure is used for
The protection against earthquake.
 BASE ISOLATIONA

base isolated structure is supported by a series of bearing pads, which are

placed between the building and the building's foundation.There are different
sorts of bearing pads, for example lead-rubber bearings
Spherical Sliding Isolation Systems
FPS bearing
is another type of base isolation. It is placed between the foundations and
the structure of the building, and it is composed of two
parts: the first one, fixed to the foundation, has got a low friction curved
surface, so that the second part can slide on it
 Energy Dissipation Devices
• The principle of these devices is to transform the energy given to a building
during a seism into another type of energy, or to dissipate the energy, and
thus decrease damage.
• Viscous Dampers: use the forced
• movement of fluids within the damper.
• • Friction Dampers: use frictional forces to
• dissipate energy.
• • Metallic Dampers: use the deformation of
• metal elements within the damper.
• • Viscoelastic Dampers: use the action of
• viscoelastic materials bonded to solid parts
Energy Dissipation Devices
 conclusion
• Many solutions exist to protect existing buildings against
earthquakes, or to build resistant houses. However, it has a cost : a
seismic protected building is approximately 10% more expensive. So,
it is important to use also other preventive techniques
 DYNAMIC DESIGN
• In general, building structure do not only experiencing of static load
but also dynamic load. This load if happened naturally hence one of
its cause is earthquake. Because the character is nondeterministic,
so the researcher has to be paid attention for analysis and design at
structure characteristic

Model of
DampedShearBuildingStructue
The structure of damped shear building system represent continual
building structure three floors/continue structure which has infinite
number degrees of freedom. With selection
• process or correctly mathematical model can reduce it become single
degrees of freedom (SDOF) that is structure model with single
movement coordinate (3),(5),(6),(7),(8) . But in fact, building structure
also can modeled as damped shear building structure where do n o t
have rotation at horizontal section. The three floors continue structure
as shear building structure depicted in Fig. 1. Fig.1. Damped shear
building system Let us consider the structure system as depicted in
Fig 1.
 Crack number and crack length
by flexure
• The flexure crack number of each member is proposed by the formula
of Oh and Kang.
• S/C○=C○+9.236*10*)POWER-6/E○
• where s is the average cracking space of one member, Db is the
diameter of the reinforcing bar, E0 (Sheu,1976) is the average strain of
the longitudinal steel, c0 indicates the minimum value of cracking
spacing
 Flexure crack number under
monotonic load
• When the moment increases gradually, the crack spacing decreases
quickly. As the moment increases stage by stage, the crack spacing
comes to a constant gradually. Theoretically, the average crack
number is the length of member divided by average crack spacing, but
the moment is not constant at the member like . For solving this
problem, the member was separated by plus moment and minus
moment into two sections L1 and L2
• For example, the length of the cracking range on length L1 of the
member is L1 (M1 Mcr )/M1 − , M1 means the maximum moment at
length L1 and Mcr means the cracking moment. The sign s1
represents the average crack spacing on length L1 of the member and
s2 represents the average crack spacing on length L2
of the same member. Therefore, s1 will be calculated as ( Area ) s1 /(M1
− Mcr ) and the average crack number
n1 at length L1
• L1/S1.M1-Mer/M1
• The average crack number n2 on length L2 is calculated by the same
process. The total crack number of this member is n = n1 + n2 .
 V-C HOUSE
• THERE IS NO SUCH DYNAMIC
SYSTEMS ARE USED TO RESIST THE
EARTHQUAKE .
• THE ONLY METHOD TO RESIST THE
EARTHQUAKE IS TO USE THE HARDER
MATERIAL.