Confidence, Trust & Hope

Confidence : once all villagers decided to pray for

rain. In the day of praying all prayers gathered & only one boy came with umbrella, that is the confidence
Trust : Trust should be like feeling of a one year old

baby. when you throw him in air, he laughs, Because he knows you will catch him.
Hope : Every night you go to bed, have no assurance to

get up alive in the next morning but still you have plans and hopes for the coming day.
Keep confidence , Trust in God & never lose Hopes .

GOOD MORNING TO ALL OF YOU

MEMORY
According to Sdorow (1995) "memory is the process by which information is acquired, stored in brain & later retrieved". Memory is an organism's ability to store, retain, and recall information.

Memory Process (or Memorization process)

Encoding: The process through which information is converted into a form that can be entered into memory. Effortful/Automatic Storage: Retaining in the memory system for longer duration. Retrieval: process of bringing stored information into consciousness.

Memory Systems
Sensory memory (or immediate memory): Short term memory: Long term memory:

Memory systems
Sensory memory:
very brief period of time 2-5 seconds Storage capacity high storage period ranges from fraction of second to 4 seconds Information loss mainly due to decay of information. Different sensory organ: Different register

Short term memory

stores limited amount of information for limited period of time can store information from 20 to 30 seconds Storage capacity of this memory is 7 2 chunks (or unit) of information at time Loss of information mainly due to decay of information and displacement of older information by new information.

Long term memory

Long term memory is the permanent storehouse (Relatively permanent) can store practically unlimited amount of information forgetting from long term :Inhibition of information, Trace decay, Repression, memory dysfunctions (Like amnesia, dementia, fugue)

Atkinson & shiffrin model

Attention and Recognition

Rehearsal

Sensory input

Sensory Memory

LTM

STM

DOSTI NAHI HONI CHAHIYA RAYMOND JAISI ... SINCE 1925 ,

PEPSI JAISI BHI NAHIN , KI YE DIL MAANGE MORE... YE HONI CHAHIYA L.I.C. JAISI , JINDAGI KE SAATH BHI , JINDAGI KE BAAD BHI....

BE GOOD FRIENDS

Forgetting
apparent loss of information already encoded and stored in long term memory information Not encoded in LTM not eligible for forgetting

Ebbinghaus curve Forgetting

Causes of Forgetting
Inhibition (or interference) Repression Trace decay Retrieval problem

Interference
tendency of new memories to impair the retrieval of older memories and vice versa Types: 1. Proactive Interference: older memories interfere with the retrieval of newer information
Learns task A Learns task B Retention interval Measure of Recall of B

Causes of Forgetting Contd.

2.Retroactive Interference: new memories interfere with the retrieval of older memories
Learns task A Learns task B Retention interval Measure of Recall A

Causes of Forgetting Contd..

Retrieval Problem: Without appropriate retrieval cues we can't find to be retrieved information Associating is better than parroting

Causes of Forgetting Contd.

Repression (Motivated forgetting) :tendency to have difficulty retrieving anxiety arousing or threatening information Trace decay: due to the decay of memory traces With the passage of time through disuse, these memory traces of learning impressions get weaker and weaker and finally fade away

REASONS WHY YOU SHOULD NOT DRINK

Memory Disorder
Pathological Forgetting Forgetting that can not be described by normal forgetfulness Amnesia: partial or complete loss of memory Due to psychological or biological reason Anterograde and Retrograde

Fugue
Apart from being amnesic, patient generally wanders away from his or her familiar surrounding Sudden onset Forgets everything of his previous sorrounding After sometime forgets everything of new situation (Fugue state)

 Dementia: Characteristic of old age Impairment or loss of memory, especially evident in the learning of new information, and of thinking, language, judgment and other cognitive abilities Dementia of Alzheimers type

Contemporary Approaches to memory

Working memory module: Active memory system
All mental activities are carried out in this memory Baddeley in 1992 Model of Working memory

 working memory carries out its action by help of three major parts i.e. phonological loop, visuospatial sketch pad and central executive Phonological loop processes information relating to the sound of words.

 Visuospatial sketch pad processes visual and spatial information (i.e. information about the visual appearance of objects, such as color and shape and where they are located in space) Central executive supervises and coordinates the other two components.

Long term memory Module

Declarative memory (or explicit memory) :Declarative memory is the type of memory system that contains memories of facts Types: Semantic and Episodic Semantic:the memory of meanings, understandings, and other conceptbased knowledge unrelated to specific experiences

Long term memory module

Episodic memory: stores personal information & life experiences Procedural memory (or implicit memory) : that stores the information that we cant readily express verbally

Improving memory
Mnemonics: Mnemonics are special memory improving techniques Method of Loci :to be remembered things are associated with some familiar places or location Story telling method:

 Acronym method: Memory enhancing foods : Vitamin B, C Over learning Number peg method good sleep habits

Principles of better memory

Association: Confidence in memory: Concentration: Exaggeration Sex: Oddities:

MORAL OF STORY ????

Once upon a time, there was a software engineer who used to develop programs on his Pentium machine, sitting under a tree on the banks of a river. He used to earn his bread by selling those programs in the Sunday market.

 One day, while he was working, his machine tumbled off the table and fell in the river. Encouraged by the Panchatantra story of his childhood (the woodcutter and the axe ), He started praying to the River Goddess.

Encouraged by the Panchatantra story of his childhood (the woodcutter and the axe ), He started praying to the River Goddess. The River Goddess wanted to test him and so appeared only after one month of rigorous prayers. The engineer told her that he had lost his computer in the river.
As usual, the Goddess wanted to test his honesty. She showed him a match box and asked, " Is this your computer ?" Disappointed by the Goddess' lack of computer awareness, the engineer replied, " No."

 She next showed him a pocket-sized calculator and asked if that was his. Annoyed, the engineer said "No, not at all !!" Finally, she came up with his own Pentium machine and asked if it was his. The engineer, left with no option, sighed and said " Yes."

 The River Goddess was happy with his honesty. She was about to give Him all three items, but before she could make the offer, the engineer Asked her, "Don't you know that you're supposed to show me some better computers before bringing up my own ?"

 The River Goddess, angered at this, replied, "I know that, you stupid donkey! The first two things I showed you were the Trillennium and the Billennium, the latest computers from IBM !". saying So, she disappeared with the Pentium!!

 Moral :If you're not up-to-date with technology trends , it's better to keep your mouth shut and let people think you're a fool than to open your mouth and remove all doubt.

THANK YOU VERY MUCH