Professional Documents
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Chap 012
Chap 012
Chap 012
TWELVE
Robbery
eighth edition
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Identify and explain the elements of robbery Describe the three styles of robberies based on the amount of planning involved Be familiar with the various types of robberies Discuss three explanations for the increase in carjackings Explain police response to the robbery scene and tactical situations at the scene Explain officers' responsibilities in the original robbery investigation and follow-up investigation Describe action, physical and situational stereotyping Define and give examples of robbery preventative measures, anticipatory strategies and reactive measures
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12-1
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TYPOLOGY OF ROBBERIES
Visible Street Robberies
Approximately 5 of every 10 robberies happen on the street
Carjackings
In Detroit in 1990 the term carjacking was coined to describe the growing numbers of these potentially violent confrontations between offenders and car driving victims
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TYPOLOGY OF ROBBERIES
Automatic Teller Machine Robberies
At one point robberies at these locations were so publicized that critics referred to ATMs as magnets for crime
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12-4
TECHNIQUES USED IN COMMITTING TRUCK HIJACKING ROBBERIES Truck drivers may be confronted at "road blocks" or "detours" set up by robbers They may be forced from the road as they enter or leave truck stops They may be tricked into helping "disabled" motorist Hijackers may invade truck parks and seize or kill security personnel
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12-5
SETTING OF ROBBERIES
Street Robberies:
Involve a single offender Are committed by a youthful robber Are also called muggings or strong-arm robberies
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12-6
ARREST PROBABILITIES
Robbery bears a comparatively low clearance rate. The reasons for this are several:
Physical evidence may not be found The time of perpetrators at the scene is limited Witnesses are usually shaken so their information runs from minimal to completely erroneous
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12-7
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12-8
CONSIDERATIONS FOR AN OFFICER WHEN APPROACHING THE SCENE OF A ROBBERY Ensure you have all available information from the dispatcher Be alert for suspects fleeing from the scene on foot or in a vehicle Mentally review information from other recent robberies Know your primary tactical objectives
Public safety Officer protection Tactical control of scene
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CONSIDERATIONS FOR AN OFFICER WHEN APPROACHING THE SCENE OF A ROBBERY (cont'd) Be prepared to execute secondary objectives, including
Conducting preliminary investigation Apprehending perpetrator Recovering property
Use a low-profile approach to the scene arriving unobserved by the perpetrator. Plan and coordinate actions with other responding units
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CONSIDERATIONS FOR AN OFFICER WHEN APPROACHING THE SCENE OF A ROBBERY (cont'd) Realize that perpetrators may have police scanners and adjust your radio transmissions accordingly Never assume the robber(s) has/have left the scene Respond to the scene on parallel streets using emergency lights, but not the siren Remember it is believed nine out of ten robberyhostage incidents occur due to a too-visible firstresponding officer
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CONSIDERATIONS FOR AN OFFICER WHEN APPROACHING THE SCENE OF A ROBBERY (cont'd) At a distance of three to five blocks in urban setting and further in rural areas, turn off your emergency lights to avoid being spotted by a lookout Decelerate smoothly without "squealing" tires Size up the situation, check for:
Suspects on the scene Lookouts Escape vehicles
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CONSIDERATIONS FOR AN OFFICER WHEN APPROACHING THE SCENE OF A ROBBERY (cont'd) Keep your vehicle and portable radios at low volume to avoid being detected Primary and backup officers should take complimentary position where they can watch different aspects of building and not have lines of fire which endanger each other Do not get so close to the scene that you are "inside" of possible lookouts, a situation that could expose you to fire from two sides
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OFFICERS RESPONSIBILITIES IN THE ORIGINAL ROBBERY INVESTIGATION Conduct a thorough crime scene search Carefully interview witnesses and victims Secure the most accurate identification and descriptions Check avenues of robber approach and flight for clues Conduct a neighborhood canvas
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Hundreds of transparencies of different facial features can be selected from and sandwiched together to create a likeness of a suspect; with nearly four decades of experience Identi-Kit is a leading brand name for this product.
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ACTIONS OF THE OFFICER ASSIGNED TO FOLLOW-UP INVESTIGATION OF A ROBBERY Review a copy of original offense report to become familiar with the case Consider facts that suggest an M.O., such as:
words spoken by the perpetrator choice of weapons type of property taken
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ACTIONS OF THE OFFICER ASSIGNED TO FOLLOW-UP INVESTIGATION OF A ROBBERY (cont'd) Conduct a file check of the victim(s) to see if they often reported robberies in the past. Reinterview the victim and witnesses if it appears some information was not obtained due to incomplete questioning Have the victim and witnesses view the mugshot file of known and active robbers
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ACTIONS OF THE OFFICER ASSIGNED TO FOLLOW-UP INVESTIGATION OF A ROBBERY (cont'd) Return to the crime scene at the same time of day in an attempt to locate additional witnesses Reconduct a neighborhood check Attempt to tie the robbery to other robberies in the hope that the combined information may lead to suspect(s) Reliable informants should be judiciously contacted
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COMPUSKETCH
Computer programs such as Compusketch:
Aid investigators Create suspect likenesses Use exiting digital mug-shot databases Are used throughout the world
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In many departments, the uniformed officer is responsible for processing the crime scene
Other departments are fortunate enough to have the services of a crime scene technician trained in procuring evidence at the crime scene
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ROBBERY ANTICIPATORY MEASURES: WHAT TO DO DURING A ROBBERY Such measures include but are not limited to:
Tell the robber you will comply with his/her directions Follow the robber's directions Stay calm Try to observe the robbers direction and method of flight
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ROBBERY REACTIVE STRATEGIES: WHAT TO DO AFTER A ROBBERY Such measures include but are not limited to:
Do not attempt to follow the robber Hit the alarm and call 911 Ask witnesses to stay and to not discuss what they saw Protect the crime scene
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