Electrical Machines

LSEGG216A 9080V

Transformer Losses & Efficiency

Week 3

Objectives
1. Describe the power losses which occur in a transformer
Describe the tests which allow the power losses of a transformer to be calculated Calculate transformer losses and efficiency using test results Define the all day efficiency of a transformer Calculate the all day efficiency of a transformer 2.

3.

4. 5.

Objectives
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Calculate the all day efficiency of a transformer Describe the relationship between transformer cooling and rating Describe the methods of cooling List the properties of transformer oil Describe the tests conducted on transformer oil

Transformer Ratings
Transformers are rated to supply a given output in

Volt Amps
or

VA
at a specified frequency and terminal voltage.

Transformer Ratings
They are NOT rated in Watts The load power factor is unknown

Power S PF
Power S PF

S V I

Transformer Ratings
They are NOT rated in Watts The load power factor is unknown

Problem
V1 = 6,351 V

S = 2 kVA

V2 = 230 V

Power output at unity PF ?

Power = S x PF
P = 2 kVA x 1

P = 2 kW

Problem
V1 = 6,351 V

S = 2 kVA

V2 = 230 V

Full load secondary current at 0.8 PF ?

S I V PF

2000 I 230 0.8

I = 10.87 A

Student Exercise 1

S = 20 kVA V1 = 1270 V V2 = 200 V

(a)

Power output at unity power factor

Power S PF
P 20,0001.0

P = 20 kW

S = 20 kVA V1 = 1270 V V2 = 200 V

(b)

Power output at 0.8 power factor

Power S PF

P 20,000 0.8

P = 16 kW

S = 20 kVA V1 = 1270 V V2 = 200 V

(c)

Full-load secondary current at unity power factor

S I VxPF
20,000 I 200x1.0

I = 100 A

S = 20 kVA V1 = 1270 V (d) V2 = 200 V

Secondary current when transformer supplies 10 kW at 0.8 power factor

S I VxPF
10,000 I 200x0.8

I = 62.5 A

Efficiency
Ratio between Input power and Output Power
Output Power Input Power

Input Output Losses

Output Power Output Power Losses
Input Power Losses Input Power

Efficiency
Efficiency is normally expressed as a percentage

Output Power % 100 Input Power

Transformer Efficiency
Power In

= 100% 95% 90%

Power Out

Some Power is used to:

Overcome Copper Losses

Overcome Iron Losses

Student Exercise 2

S = 20 kVA

= 90%

V1 = 230 V

V2 = 32 V

PF = 0.85

(a)

Power output of transformer

Power S PF

P 100 0.85

P = 85 W

S = 20 kVA

= 90%

V1 = 230 V

V2 = 32 V Power input

PF = 0.85

(b)

Out In

Out In

85 W In 0.9

P = 94.4 W

S = 20 kVA

= 90%

V1 = 230 V

V2 = 32 V Losses

PF = 0.85

(c)

In Out Losses

94.4 85 Losses
P = 9.4W

Transformer Losses
Copper Losses (Cu)
Varies with load current
Produces HEAT Created by resistance of windings Short circuit test supplies copper losses

Short Circuit Test

Limited Supply Voltage 5-10 %

Copper Losses (Cu)

Secondary Short Circuited

Wattmeter indicates Copper Losses (Cu)

Short Circuit Test

Finds Cooper losses at full load

Copper Losses (Cu)

Copper losses vary with the square of the load

Full load Cu loss = 100 W Transformer loaded at 50%

Copper loss 0.5 100

2

Copper loss 0.25 100

PCu = 25 W

Copper Losses (Cu)

150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

Cu Losses (W)

% Load

Transformer Losses
Fixed

Iron Losses (Fe)

Always present Related to transformers construction

Eddy Currents
Reduced by laminations Produces HEAT

Hysteresis
Reduced by using special steels in laminations

Open Circuit Test

Finds Iron Losses (Fe)

Full Supply Voltage

Secondary Open Circuit

Wattmeter indicates Iron Losses (Fe)

Transformer Efficiency
Student Exercise 3
Output Power % 100 Input Power

Losses Cu load % Full Load Cu Losses

2

Sout = 30 kVA

Cu FL= 840 W

Fe = 220 W

Calculate %at Full Load

Output Power % 100 Input Power
% Output Power 100 Output Losses

30 k % 100 30 k 0.84 k 0.22 k

% = 96.6%

Sout = 30 kVA

Cu FL= 840 W

Fe = 220 W

Calculate %at 75%Load

Output Power % 100 Output Losses

S out 0.75 30 22.5

Cu 75% 0.75 840 472.5
2

22.5 % 100 2 22.5 0.75 0.84 0.22

22.5 100 22.5 0.4725 0.22

% = 97%

Sout = 30 kVA

Cu FL= 840 W

Fe = 220 W

Calculate %at 50%Load

Output Power % 100 Output Losses

S out 0.5 30 15

15 100 2 15 0.5 0.84 0.22

15 100 15 0.21 0.22

% = 97.21%

Sout = 30 kVA

Cu FL= 840 W

Fe = 220 W

Calculate %at 25%Load

% Output Power 100 Output Losses

S out 0.25 30 7.5

7.5 % 100 2 7.5 0.25 0.84 0.22

7.5 100 7.5 0.0525 0.22

% = 96.49%

100% 75% 50% 25%

= 96.6% = 97% = 97.21% = 96.49%

1.4 1.2

Cu Losses

%
97.00

Losses (W)

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0

Fe Losses

%
96.00 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

% Load
Fe = Cu =Max

Fe = 220 Cu = 840

Maximum Efficiency
220 Load 840
2

Fe = Cu =Max

Fe Load Cu
Fe 2 Load Cu

Load %= 51.18%

0.5118 30 % 100 2 0.5118 30 0.5118 0.84 0.22

Fe Load Cu

15.35 % 100 15.35 0.22 0.22

%= 97.21%

1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 96.00

97.00

All Day Efficiency

Most Transformers are connected permanently The time that the transformer has to be calculated when determining efficiency Able to determine the best transformer for the application by its efficiency

All Day Efficiency

Transformer A

Sout = 300 kVA

Time Period Hours Load kW 1.00 6.00 5 100 6.00 7.00 1 200 7.00 8.00 1 300 8.00 9.00 1 360 9.00 12.00 3 300 12.00 14.00 2 280 14.00 18.00 4 300 18.00 20.00 2 360 20.00 22.00 2 280 22.00 1.00 3 200

Fe = 1.25 kVA

Cu = 3.75 kVA

kWh % Load Cu Loss Cu kWh Fe kWh Losses kWh Input kWh 500.0 33.33 0.42 2.08 6.25 8.33 508.33 200.0 66.67 1.67 1.67 1.25 2.92 202.92 300.0 100.00 3.75 3.75 1.25 5.00 305.00 360.0 120.00 5.40 5.40 1.25 6.65 366.65 900.0 100.00 3.75 11.25 3.75 15.00 915.00 560.0 93.33 3.27 6.53 2.50 9.03 569.03 1200.0 100.00 3.75 15.00 5.00 20.00 1220.00 720.0 120.00 5.40 10.80 2.50 13.30 733.30 560.0 93.33 3.27 6.53 2.50 9.03 569.03 600.0 66.67 1.67 5.00 3.75 8.75 608.75 P in kWh = 5998.02

P out kWh = 5900.0 % Eff = 98.37

All Day Efficiency

Transformer B

Sout = 300 kVA

Time Period Hours Load kW 1.00 6.00 5 100 6.00 7.00 1 200 7.00 8.00 1 300 8.00 9.00 1 360 9.00 12.00 3 300 12.00 14.00 2 280 14.00 18.00 4 300 18.00 20.00 2 360 20.00 22.00 2 280 22.00 1.00 3 200

Fe = 2.5 kVA

Cu = 2.5 kVA

kWh % Load Cu Loss Cu kWh Fe kWh Losses kWh Input kWh 500.0 33.33 0.28 1.39 12.50 13.89 513.89 200.0 66.67 1.11 1.11 2.50 3.61 203.61 300.0 100.00 2.50 2.50 2.50 5.00 305.00 360.0 120.00 3.60 3.60 2.50 6.10 366.10 900.0 100.00 2.50 7.50 7.50 15.00 915.00 560.0 93.33 2.18 4.36 5.00 9.36 569.36 1200.0 100.00 2.50 10.00 10.00 20.00 1220.00 720.0 120.00 3.60 7.20 5.00 12.20 732.20 560.0 93.33 2.18 4.36 5.00 9.36 569.36 600.0 66.67 1.11 3.33 7.50 10.83 610.83 P in kWh = 6005.34

P out kWh = 5900.0 % Eff = 98.25

Transformer Cooling
Transformer ratings can be increased if their windings are cooled by some external means

The most common cooling mediums are in direct with transformer windings;

Air
Forced

and/or

Oil
Natural

The most common methods of circulation are

and/or

Transformer Classification
Transformers are allocated symbols which indicate the type of cooling used Can consist of up to 4 letters indicating the cooling system

1st Letter

2nd Letter

3rd Letter

4th Letter

The cooling medium in contact with the windings

The cooling medium in contact with the external cooling system

Kind of Medium Circulation type Kind of Medium Circulation type

Transformer Classification
Type

AN

Air Natural
Dry Transformer with Natural Air Flow

Transformer Classification
Type

AF

Air Forced
Dry Transformer with Forced Air Flow

Transformer Classification
Type

ONAN Oil Natural Air Natural

Oil Tank Cooling Natural Oil Flow - Natural Air Flow

Transformer Classification
Type

ONAF Oil Natural Air Forced

Oil Tank Cooling Natural Oil Flow - Forced Air Flow

Transformer Classification Type

OFAF

Oil Forced Air Forced

Oil Tank Cooling Forced Oil Flow Forced Air Flow

Transformer Oil
Acts as Coolant & Insulator Low Viscosity

High Flash point

Chemically inert

Good insulator

Transformer Oil Tests

Dielectric Strength Acidity Power factor Interfacial tension Dissolved Gas

THE END