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Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
The number of chromosome in cell in each organisms are constant and referred as chromosomal number
CHROMATID
All the chromosome in the nucleus of somatic cell exist in pairs and call as diploid number of chromosome (2n)
In humans, one set of chromosome consists of 23 pairs of chromosome. That means our somatic cell have 46 chromosome.
The two chromosome in each pair have same structure and called as homologous chromosome
Cell which contain homologous chromosome called as diploid cells, while cell contain only one set of chromosome called as haploid cells
Example of haploid cell is the gametes cells
To replaced the dead or damaged cell with new cells. Increase the number of cell in the body for growing
Interphase is also the stage at which cells grow larger and prepare for cell division
Interphase
G1 (growth phase 1)
Events
Proteins and organelles are being
synthesized The metabolic rate of the cell is high Chromosome are extremely fine and known as chromatin
Synthesis of DNA occurs
The DNA undergo replication The cell continues to grow and remain
metabolically active The cell accumulates energy and completes its final preparation for division
MITOSIS
Mitosis is process division of nucleus in the somatic cell. The number chromosome are same like the parents cell
PROPHASE
Nuclear membrane begins to disappear. Chromatin threads coil up to form chromosomes
METAPHASE
Nuclear membrane disappears.
Spindle fibers surround the chromosomes
ANAPHASE
Centromeres split. The two chromatids from each chromosomes
Spindle fibers dissapear A new plasma membrane forms around each group of daughter chromosomes Inside each daughter nucleus, the chromosomes uncoil and form chromatin.
TELOPHASE
CYTOKINESIS
The division of cytoplasm of a cell to form new
cells after the dauhgter nuclei have been formed In animal cells, cytokinesis take place with the formation of cleavage furrow In plant cells, cytokinesis take place with the formation of cell plate
REGENERATION
Lizard drop a tail to entice a predator
Healing of wounds
Some plants capable of total regeneration
Cancer
Tumor
Cancerous cell divide freely and Form by cancerous cell uncontrollably. that is divided Cancer can be caused by: uncontrollably - damage to the DNA - mistakes that occur in the genes that controlled cell division. - the effect of radiation - carcinogen compounds.
UNCONTROLLED MITOSIS
Will produce cancer cells
NORMAL CELLS
CANCER CELLS
- Divide freely and uncontrollably without heeding the cell cycle control system
CAUSES OF CANCER
Damage to the DNA Mistakes that occur in the genes that control cell division 3. The effects of ionising radiation such as Xrays, UV-rays 4. Certain chemical compounds like tar in tobacco 5. Carcinogenic compounds such as formaldehyde.
1. 2.
Test Your IQ
1. Give the definition of mitosis 2. State two reasons why mitotic cell division is important in living organisms. 3. Name the stages in M phase 4. State the important events that occur at (i) G1 phase (ii) S phase (iii) G2 phase
Cloning
ANIMAL CLONING
CLONING
Cloning is the process of producing clones of a cell, tissue or organism, through asexual reproduction
Animals cloning involves the transfer of the nucleus from a somatic cell to an ovum or embryonic cell which has the nucleus removed
Many animals have been succesfully cloned ever since the first mammal, a sheep named Dolly
HUMAN CLONING
WHAT IS YOUR OPINION?
DISCUSSION :
- MAKE A GROUP OF 3. - DISCUSS AT LEAST 3 ADVANTAGES AND 3 DISADVANTAGES OF HUMAN CLONING BASE ON YOUR OPINION.
Cloning.
advantages
Cloning offers the opportunity to rapidly
improve the genetic makeup of a herd through reproduction of elite animals As cloning techniques become more efficient, more clones are living to adult age and so their reproduction function can be studied. It appears that there is no difference in the health of cloned animals compared with non-cloned animals. Cloning allows the reproduction of animals that have been genetically modified (eg for the production of medicines in milk).
kemudian Dia menjadikan daripadanya, isterinya (Hawa) dan Dia mengadakan untuk kamu binatangbinatang ternak lapan ekor: (Empat) pasangan (jantan dan betina). Dia menciptakan kamu dalam kandungan ibu kamu (berperingkat-peringkat) dari satu kejadian ke satu kejadian). Dalam tiga suasana yang gelap-gelita. Yang demikian (kekuasaanNya) ialah Allah Tuhan kamu; bagiNyalah kekuasaan yang mutlak; tiada Tuhan melainkan Dia; oleh itu bagaimana kamu dapat dipesongkan (dari mematuhi perintahNya)? [Az zumar: 6)
Advantages of Cloning
1) Many clones are produced in a short time 2)The good qualities of the plants and animals can
Disadvantages of Clones
1) Cloning prevents natural selection.
2) Cloning is carried out under controlled environment
MEIOSIS
Meiosis is process division of nucleus in the Reproductive organ. This process will reduce the number of chromosome in daughter cell to half that of the parent Each gametes receive only one chromosome from every pair of homologous chromosomes. That means in human gametes, contain 23 haploid chromosome
During the fertilization, sperm and egg will meet, restore the complete number of chromosome and genetic material, forming a diploid zygote with 46 chromosome
In multicellular organisms, meiosis occurs in the testes ( in males) and ovaries (in female)
Meiosis
Meiosis I
-Prophase I -Metaphase I -Anaphase I -Telophase I
Meiosis II
-Prophase II -Metaphase II -Anaphase II -Telophase II
Interphase
The cell replicates its DNA and duplicates its chromosome The cell now has twice the amount of genetic material, but the same number of chromosome as before The nucleus membrane and nucleolus are still present
Meiosis 1
Prophase 1 Metaphase 1 Anaphase 1 Telophase 1
Prophase 1
Centrioles move to the opposite poles
Chromosome thicken and each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids. Homologous chromosomes pair together in the process called synapsis
Each paired homologous chromosomes is called a bivalent, consists 4 chromatids
The chromatids of homologous chromosome, cross over along their length and at this point it called as chiasmata.
At this point, there is a change in genetic material between the non-sister chromatids. This process will form new combination of genetic material and this important for genetic variation The nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrate and the spindle fibres are formed
Bivalent
Chiasmata
Metaphase 1
Paired homologous chromosome line up at the metaphase plate. One chromosome of each pair faces each pole of the cell The chromatids of each chromosome are attached to the spindle fibres at their centromer
Anaphase 1
The pair of homologous chromosome separate from one another and move to the opposite poles Each chromosome moves with its centromere heading towards the pole and the two sister chromatids trailing behind
Telophase 1
The chromosome arrive at the poles. Each pole now has a haploid daugther nucleus because it contain only one set of chromosome The spindle fibre disappear The nucleus membrane reappears to surround each group of chromosome
Cytokinesis occurs. The cleavage form and two haploid daughter cells form Between meiosis I and meiosis II, there is little or no interphase and no replication of chromosome
Meiosis II
Prophase II Anaphase II
Metaphase II
Telophase II
Prophase II
The nuclear membrane and nucleoli disappear Spindle fibres form again Each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids attached together by centromere
Metaphase II Chromosome line up at the metaphase plate Each sister chromatid is attached to the spindle fibre at the centromere
Anaphase II
The centromers holding the sister chromatids together split Chromatids separate Spindle fibre pull each chromatids to opposite poles
Telophase II
Finally the nucleoli and nuclear membrane re-form. The spindle fibres break down Cytokinesis follows and four haploid daughter cell are formed. Each haploid cell contains half the number of chromosome. The haploid cell become gametes
Meiosis I Similarities
Meiosis II
Both process consist 4 stage. Both process involve nucleus and cytoplasm division
Meiosis I
Synapsis occur
Differences
Meiosis II
No synapsis
No crossing over
Crossing over occur In metaphase I, paired homologous chromosome line up at the metaphase plate In telophase I, two haploid chromosome are formed
Mitosis Similarities
Meiosis
Mitosis
All somatic cell
Replace damage and dead cell Synapsis not occur
Differences
Place occurs
Purpose
Meiosis
Reproductive organ
Produce gametes
Synapsis
Crossing over
Mitosis
Produce cell for growth and repair Not cause genetic variation One
Differences
Role
Genetic variation
Meiosis
Produces gamete
Cause genetic variation Two
Number of division
Number of daughter cell
Mitosis
Same as the parent cell
Differences
Genetic content
Meiosis
Different from the parent cell
Diploid
Haploid
Appreciating the Movement of Chromosome during Mitosis and Meiosis The meiosis and mitosis ensure the survival of each species from one generation to the next. Asexual reproduction through mitosis process produces offspring that are identical to single parent Sexual reproduction through meiosis process produces genetic variation in the offspring
If meiosis does not occur properly, the gamete formed will have an abnormal number of chromosome
This will result the abnormal zygote. For example, Down Syndrome is the result of an extra Chromosome 21, and cause 47 number of chromosome