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Microbiology: Microbial Metabolism
Microbiology: Microbial Metabolism
Microbiology: Microbial Metabolism
Chapter 5
Microbial Metabolism
Lecture prepared by Mindy Miller-Kittrell, University of Tennessee, Knoxville
Inhibitors
Substances that block an enzymes active site Do not denature enzymes Three types
Carbohydrate Catabolism
Many organisms oxidize carbohydrates as the primary energy source for anabolic reactions Glucose most common carbohydrates used Glucose catabolized by Cellular respiration Fermentation
Carbohydrate Catabolism
Carbohydrate Catabolism
Glycolysis Occurs in cytoplasm of most cells Involves splitting of a six-carbon glucose into two three-carbon sugar molecules Direct transfer of phosphate between two substrates occurs four times substrate = level phosphorylation Net gain of two ATP molecules, two molecules of NADH, and precursor metabolite pyruvic acid
Carbohydrate Catabolism
Carbohydrate Catabolism
Glycolysis Divided into three stages involving ten total steps Energy-investment stage Lysis stage Energy-conserving stage
Carbohydrate Catabolism
Carbohydrate Catabolism
Carbohydrate Catabolism
Carbohydrate Catabolism
Alternatives to Glycolysis Yield fewer molecules of ATP than glycolysis Reduce coenzymes and yield different metabolites needed in anabolic pathways Two pathways Pentose phosphate pathway net gain of two molecules of NADPH, one molecule of ATP, and five-carbon precursor metabolites Entner-Doudoroff pathway net gain of two molecules of NADPH, one molecule of ATP, and precursor metabolites
Carbohydrate Catabolism
Carbohydrate Catabolism
Carbohydrate Catabolism
Continuation of Cellular Respiration Resultant pyruvic acid completely oxidized to produce ATP by a series of redox reactions Three stages of cellular respiration
1. Synthesis of acetyl-CoA 2. Krebs cycle 3. Final series of redox reactions (electron transport chain)
Carbohydrate Catabolism
Carbohydrate Catabolism
Continuation of Cellular Respiration Synthesis of acetyl-CoA Results in Two molecules of acetyl-CoA Two molecules of CO2 Two molecules of NADH
Carbohydrate Catabolism
Continuation of Cellular Respiration The Krebs cycle Great amount of energy remains in bonds of acetyl-CoA The Krebs cycle transfers much of this energy to coenzymes NAD+ and FAD Occurs in cytoplasm of prokaryotes and in matrix of mitochondria in eukaryotes
Carbohydrate Catabolism
Continuation of Cellular Respiration The Krebs cycle Six types of reactions in Krebs cycle Anabolism of citric acid Isomerization reactions Hydration reaction Redox reactions Decarboxylations Substrate-level phosphorylation
Carbohydrate Catabolism
Carbohydrate Catabolism
Carbohydrate Catabolism
Carbohydrate Catabolism
Continuation of Cellular Respiration The Krebs cycle Results in Two molecules of ATP Two molecules of FADH2 Six molecules of NADH Four molecules of CO2
Carbohydrate Catabolism
Continuation of Cellular Respiration Electron transport Most significant production of ATP occurs through stepwise release of energy from series of redox reactions known as an electron transport chain (ETC) Consists of series of membrane-bound carrier molecules that pass electrons from one to another and ultimately to final electron acceptor Energy from electrons used to pump protons (H+) across the membrane, establishing a proton gradient Located in cristae of eukaryotes and in cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotes
Carbohydrate Catabolism
Carbohydrate Catabolism
Carbohydrate Catabolism
Continuation of Cellular Respiration Electron transport Four categories of carrier molecules Flavoproteins Ubiquinones Metal-containing proteins Cytochromes Some organisms can vary their carrier molecules under different environmental conditions In aerobic respiration oxygen serves as final electron acceptor to yield water In anaerobic respiration molecules other than oxygen serve as final electron acceptor
Carbohydrate Catabolism
Carbohydrate Catabolism
Carbohydrate Catabolism
Animation: Microbial Metabolism: Electron Transport Chain: Factors Affecting ATP Yield
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Carbohydrate Catabolism
Continuation of Cellular Respiration Chemiosmosis
Membrane maintains electrochemical gradient by keeping one or more chemicals in higher concentration on one side Cells use energy released in redox reactions of ETC to create proton gradient, which has potential energy known as proton motive force Protons, propelled by proton motive force, flow down electrochemical gradient through ATP synthases (protein channels) that phosphorylate ADP to ATP Called oxidative phosphorylation because proton gradient created by oxidation of components of ETC Total of ~34 ATP molecules formed from one molecule of glucose
Carbohydrate Catabolism
Carbohydrate Catabolism
Fermentation Sometimes cells cannot completely oxidize glucose by cellular respiration Cells require constant source of NAD+ that cannot be obtained by simply using glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
In respiration, electron transport regenerates NAD+ from NADH
Carbohydrate Catabolism
Carbohydrate Catabolism
Carbohydrate Catabolism
Carbohydrate Catabolism
Photosynthesis
Every food chain begins with anabolic pathways in organisms that synthesize their own organic molecules from inorganic carbon dioxide Most of these organisms capture light energy from the sun and use it to drive the synthesis of carbohydrates from CO2 and H2O by a process called photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Chemicals and Structures Chlorophylls Most important of organisms that capture light energy with pigment molecules Composed of hydrocarbon tail attached to light-absorbing active site centered around magnesium ion Active sites structurally similar to cytochrome molecules in ETC Vary slightly in lengths and structures of hydrocarbon tails and in atoms that extend from active site
They subsequently absorb light of different wavelengths
Photosynthesis
Chemicals and Structures Cells arrange molecules of chlorophyll and other pigments in protein matrix to form light-harvesting matrices called photosystems Embedded in cellular membranes called thylakoids In prokaryotes invagination of cytoplasmic membrane In eukaryotes formed from infoldings of inner membrane of chloroplasts Arranged in stacks called grana Stroma is space between outer membrane of grana and thylakoid membrane
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Chemicals and Structures Two types of photosystems Photosystem I (PS I) Photosystem II (PS II) Photosystems absorb light energy and use redox reactions to store energy in the form of ATP and NADPH Classified as light-dependent reactions because they depend on light energy Light-independent reactions synthesize glucose from carbon dioxide and water
Photosynthesis
Light-Dependent Reactions As electrons move down the chain, their energy is used to pump protons across the membrane Photophosphorylation uses proton motive force to generate ATP Photophosphorylation can be cyclic or noncyclic
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Light-Independent Reactions Do not require light directly, but use ATP and NADPH generated by light-dependent reactions Key reaction is carbon fixation by Calvin-Benson cycle For every three molecules of CO2 that enter the cycle, one molecule of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate leaves For every two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, one molecule of glucose 6-phosphate is anabolically synthesized by glycolysis
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis