WCDMA/HSPA network setting overview

Summary
WCDMA/HSPA/HSPA+ key concept
Cell planning difference between 2G/3G Link budget difference between 2G/3G optimization

WCDMA/HSPA/HSPA+
WCDMA
Max traffic ch code = 512 (total) 40 (CCH) = 472

HSPA
Fixed SF=16 Hybrid ARQ No fast power control, no soft HO Adaptive modulation/coding (QPSK or 16QAM) PS scheduler depending on Ec/Nt, QoS

HSPA+
DC-HSDPA MIMO support for QPSK/16QAM 64QAM for some MS categories
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Cell planning difference 2G/3G

GSM
Planning is focused on coverage Performance depend on C/I Capacity fixed on available 200k channel

WCDMA
Cell breathing coverage decreases as network loading increases
Higher noise rise (UL) Lower Tx power per user (DL)

Capacity is interference limited Planning is focused on Ec/Io, soft handover %, PSC allocation, neighbor list,..

Link budget difference 2G/3G

GSM typically have higher Tx power in UL/DL compared to WCDMA
E.g., GSM has 43dBm(DL)/33dBm(UL) E.g., WCDMA has 33.6dBm (CPICH-DL)/24dBm(UL)

Frequency
X2 freq path loss increase by 6dB E.g., GSM900 WCDMA at 2.1GHz, pathloss+7.2dB (typ 8~9dB)

Coverage limitation in
DL for GSM, UL for WCDMA

Rx sensitivity difference for 12.2kbps voice

Effective BW = 200kHz for GSM, 5MHz/PG=15.6kHz for WCDMA C/I = 9dB+3dB(margin)=12dB for GSM, 7dB (due to WB, fast PC, SHO gain) for WCDMA WCDMA has better rx sens by 200/15.6 + (12-7) = 16dB
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Link budget result example

Coverage advantage of GSM900 over WCDMA2100
8~9dB (x2 freq) + 9dB (power) 16dB (rx sens) = 1~2dB

If same size antenna is used for GSM900/WCDMA2100

Typically 2.1GHz antenna has 3.5dB higher gain Compared with 12.2k voice GSM
12.2k voice WCDMA has 1.5~2.5dB gain UL 64k WCDMA has same coverage UL 128k WCDMA has 1.2~2.2dB loss

Optimization
Excessive propagation is a problem in WCDMA
Pilot pollution need more tilt as traffic increases

Soft/softer HO
Avoid excessive HO regions (used up traffic CE)

Shared antenna system

more tilt (e.g., 2~4deg) than GSM Duplexer loss reduce coverage Co-located GSM/3G sites

GSM/WCDMA, WCDMA/WCDMA neighbor

Load balancing Interference management

PSC planning (code and index)

Critical for neighbor list and high sites etc
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UMTS Radio Planning

CDMA systems show a certain relation between capacity and coverage, so the network planning process itself depends not only on propagation but also on cell load. Thus, the results of network planning are sensitive to the capacity requirements. UMTS forces radio network planners to abandon the coverage first, capacity later approach.
Furthermore, for a given design load, due to the large difference in services bit rates and QoS requirements, UMTS networks exhibit several cell ranges possibilities.
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Cell Range
GSM UMTS

speech/data

SF=8

SF=32

SF=256

Cell range highly depends on coverage (EM power >threshold) coverage, load, services, interference
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Codes
All W-CDMA users occupy the same frequency at the same time, thus frequency and time are not used as discriminators. W-CDMA operates by using CODES to discriminate between users. The receiver will hear all the transmitter signals mixed together, but by using the correct code sequence, it can decipher the required transmission channel and the rest is background noise.
Spreading sequences are actually unique streams of 1 and -1 which compose the code associated with a user. Therefore, users are discriminated thanks to spreading codes.

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Channelization Codes
Channelization Codes : Users data is modulated by a channelization code. The orthogonality properties of OVSF enable the UE to recover its bits without being interfered by other users. This is true only if the system is synchronous, which is the case in downlink, but not in uplink. Thus, the OVSF codes are not used to separate users in uplink and therefore different users can use the same code. But they can be used to distinguish the different physical channels of one user.
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Scrambling codes
The scrambling operation is used for base station and mobile station identification. In downlink, the same scrambling code can be used on different channels in a cell, but different scrambling codes are used in different cells. In uplink, scrambling codes are used to differentiate users. Scrambling codes reduce the interference between neighboring cells in downlink since same channelization codes are used. It is important to maintain good cross-correlation properties between the different scrambling codes in order not to decode an interferer. Similar to the reuse of frequency in GSM, scrambling codes are reused.
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Scrambling codes
The number of SC used in uplink 2^24 ----No Uplink SC planning

The number of SC used in DL is 512----Dowlink SC planning based on neighboring relations.

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Codes

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HSDPA

Radio Resource Allocation

Dedicated Channel Dedicated Channel Dedicated Channel

Shared Channel
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DCH/DSCH

DCH transmitted on DPCH Fixed SF (SF determines the channelisation code). Power controlled, support for SHO, highest rate 2 Mbps.
DSCH transmitted on PDSCH Variable SF. Always DCH associated. DSCH is shared by several users (single or multi-code transmission). Power controlled (DPCCH), no support for SHO.

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User Throughput Management

Same Throughput

Unused

Power Control

Unused Power

Data

Data Power

100%

Rate Adaptation

100% Power

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HSDPA Channel Operation

OVSF codes

HS-PDSCH

UE #1 UE #2 UE #3 UE #4 UE #5 2ms

HS-SCCH

Data Transfer (PS I/B)

Downlink Transfer Inform (UEid, OVSF,...)

DPCH

DPCH

Upper Layer Signaling

HS-DPCCH

Upper Layer Signal

HS-DPCCH

Feedback Information (ACK/NACK, CQI)

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Feedback Informati (ACK/NACK, CQI)

OVSF Code Tree Reservation

SF4 SF8 SF16 SF32 SF64 SF128 SF4 SF8 SF16 SF32 SF64 SF128 SF256
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HSDPA

HS-PDSCH

HS-SCCH

HSDPA + R4

HS-PDSCH

... ... ... cmCH ...

HS-SCCH

Scheduler Behavior

FAIR

RR

CQI

PROPORTIONAL FAIR

FAIR

RR

CQI

PROPORTIONAL FAIR

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AMC Principles
UE Category Reported CQI
800 700

AMC Illustration QPSK QPSK QPSK 16QAM 16QAM -15 -5 0 -10 Ior/Ioc (dB)

Throughput (kbps)
Number of OVSF Codes

600 500 400 300 200 100 0

AMC
Coding Rate

Modulation Scheme

2ms

-20

Selected TFRC

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Channel coding
Allowed combinations form TFRC (Transport Format and Resource Combination). Given sufficiently good channel conditions, a single user may simultanously reveive 15 parallel multi-codes.

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UE Categories
HS-DSCH Category Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4 HS-PDSCH Max Number 5 5 5 5 Inter-TTI Min Interval 3 3 2 2 Modulation QPSK & 16QAM QPSK & 16QAM QPSK & 16QAM QPSK & 16QAM Max Peak Rate 1.2 Mbps 1.2 Mbps 1.8 Mbps 1.8 Mbps

Category 5
Category 6 Category 7 Category 8 Category 9 Category 10 Category 11 Category 12
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5
5 10 10 15 15 5 5

1
1 1 1 1 1

QPSK & 16QAM

QPSK & 16QAM QPSK & 16QAM QPSK & 16QAM QPSK & 16QAM QPSK & 16QPSK only QPSK only

3.6 Mbps
3.6 Mbps 7.3 Mbps 7.3 Mbps 10.2 Mbps 14.4 Mbps 0.9 Mbps 1.8 Mbps

QPSK mandatory for HSDPAQAM capable UE 16-QAM optional 2

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UE Capabilities and Max Bit Rates

Category 6 UE CQI Mapping Table
CQI Value 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 ... 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 ... HS-PDSCH Number RLC Throughput out of range 0 kbps 0 kbps 0 kbps 0 kbps 144 kbps 144 kbps 144 kbps 288 kbps 288 kbps 432 kbps 576 kbps 720 kbps 864 kbps 1008 kbps 1296 kbps 1440 kbps ... QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK
softCQI

Modulatio n

Soft CQI vs C/I - Pedestrian_a 1 RX 25

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QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK 16-QAM ...

15

10 -10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0 C/I (dB)

10

29
30
25

5
5

3024 kbps
3024 kbps

16-QAM
16-QAM

Target BLER 10%

HSUPA

WCDMA HSDPA HSUPA

DL DPCH 2 UL DCH 2

Release 99: Dedicated channels in Downlink and Uplink

DL DPCH 1
UL DCH 1

HSDPA (Release 5)

Shared downlink channel (TDMA), implementing new techniques Uplink remains unchanged HS-DSCH HS-DSCH
UL A-DCH 2

UL A-DCH 1

HSUPA (Release 6)

Downlink identical to HSDPA Implementing the same techniques (more or less) HS-DSCH HS-DSCH in the Uplink
UL E-DCH 2
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UL E-DCH 1

Same principles as HSDPA

HSUPA is the uplink counterpart of HSDPA Thanks to link adaptation methods (shorter TTI, HARQ, fast scheduling), it achieves:
Higher peak data rates (up to 5.6 Mbps) and cell capacity Reduced latency

Fast HARQ (Hybrid Automated Repeat Request)

The RBS can rapidly request retransmission of erroneously received data, which implies increased robustness Higher error probability is supported

Faster TTI (Transmission time interval): 2ms instead of 10ms

Allows reduction of latency and increased cell throughput Tighter resource control, allowing additional capacity

2 ms

Fast Scheduling
The system rapidly adapts to interference variations and re-allocates resources between UEs Controlled by Node B instead of RNC
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 but UL and DL are fundamentally different

Shared channel in HSDPA, Dedicated channels in HSUPA Shared resource:
Power and code for HSDPA Interference headroom for HSUPA
Shared Resource

Scheduling applies to:

User data rate in HSDPA Interference level in HSUPA

Power control Soft handover Higher order modulations

Soft Handover

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Resource sharing: HSDPA vs. HSUPA

RoT
Downlink Power, code space

HSDPA
Uplink Interference

Interference headroom for HSUPA

Release 99

Release 99 in-cell interference

Inter-cell interference
Thermal Noise

Common channels

Cell B

Cell C

Cell B Cell A

Cell C

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Cell A

Load Control
The Rise-over-Thermal (RoT) is monitored by the serving Node B

Absolute grant can increase or decrease the E-DPDCH power, i.e. the data rate Relative grant can only hold or decrease the E-DPDCH power, i.e. the data rate, in order to limit the amount of intercell interference
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New channels

Downlink E-AGCH (Absolute Grants Channel for E-DCH scheduling) E-HICH (HARQ ACK/NACK Indicator Channel) E-RGCH (Relative Grants Channel for E-DCH scheduling) Uplink E-DPDCH (E-DCH user data) E-DPCCH (E-DCH control information: E-TFCI, happy bit, RSN)

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Planet Modules for WCDMA/HSPA+

Traffic map generator
Subscriber Manager WCDMA Analysis Module (RCSP, Pilot coverage, service coverage, handover state.) Scrambling code planning

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Traffic Map
A traffic map is used to determine areas that
Currently carry high voice traffic Currently carry high data traffic

A Traffic map is used as an input for WCDMA analysis, it will give the number of subscribers to include in analysis.Typically, we will have one traffic map per service. The input of the traffic Map are : Population data or subscriber data Nework data (obtained from the switch)
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Subscriber Manager
The subscriber Manager module is designed to define the types of subscribers, their equipements, services and associated quality of service.

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Simulation
WCDMA Network analysis: Suitable for intial Network coverage planning and CPICH analysis (Coverage and pollution). This algorithm is an UMTS link budget based on load assumptions (Noise rise)

Monte Carlo : Provides comprehensive analysis of the network including Power limits, codes limits, Throuphout, channel element limits.
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Monte Carlo Algorithm

Planets Monte Carlo Simulation tool is based on creating semi-random patterns of users based on traffic map distribution,bearers, and equipment, then repeating this process for a specified number of times. Each repetition of the pattern generation process is a run. Repeating the runs helps you determine how the network performs under a variety of conditions with a variety of subscribers and equipment. Statistically, each individual run is of little value. However, over many Monte Carlo runs, the average result provides a realistic representation of the network.

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MONTE CARLO Simulation

Monte Carlo Simulations

A Monte carto Simulation is based on many runs. On Each run, the subscribers are spread on different locations. A big number of runs allow to cover all the possible positions of subscribers. The final result is obtained using averages on the individual results The algorithm will stop when the convergence factor is reached

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Monte Carlo run

A monte Carlo run will spread the subcribers over a geographical area according to the density of the traffic map. The number of mobiles to be spread is computed from the traffic map The mobiles that belong to services with highest priority will be placed and connected to the network first During a run, the algorithm will try to serve one by one the number of simultaneous mobiles until a constraint is broken (Noise Rise Max reached, Maximal Power of Node B reached, CE, OVSF Codes..)

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Monte Carlo Run : No. of Subscribers Spread (Step 1)

Qty of Subscribers to spread comes from Traffic map, and Erlang per Subscriber value. Its is computed for Both Circuit or Packet switched traffic. CS: E.g. 1000 voice subscribers in the traffic map, for 25 mErlang per subscriber, returns 1000 x 0.025 = 25 subscribers spread in the analysis PS: For Packet Users, we need a representation of the amount of time that a connection is active, in much the same way as the 'Erlangs per subscriber' is for Circuit traffic. So we calculate a value of 'packet data Erlangs per subscriber' based on the Session type (which basically provides the proportions of activity/no-activity in a session), the Service (which gives the amount of data transferred per user, plus overheads), and the bearers used (which provide the amount of time that it takes to transfer that data). The combination of these items gives us the activity representation for a single user.

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Monte Carlo run : Placing subscribers (Step 2)

The simulation places the subscribers at random locations using the traffic map densities, and determines the subscriber types from the definitions in the Subscriber Manager.

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Monte Carlo run : Power Control

UMTS is based on Power control un Uplink and Downlink Directions UL: The BS will indicate to each mobile the required power to be used in order to meet Eb/N0 requirements on UL. This power will depend on the position of the mobile and the used service, Limitation of UL interferences DL : The BS will transmit on the trafic channel dedicated for Mobile Mi, the power required to obtain a DL Eb/N0 equal to the

P
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node_B

=PCPICH+PSCH/CCH+

P (Mi)
Tch

Limitation of DL interferences

Monte Carlo run : UL Coverage (Step 3)

Generates uplink analyses : This subscriber pattern to determine subscribers that can be served, account the impact of each served network. uses the random the number of while taking into subscriber on the

A subcriver can be served on Uplink if: The power required to communicate with the BS is below the value of the maximal power of the Mobile. Admission control : The current noise rise (Generated by all served mobiles) of the BS is below the Noise rise Max
Noise Rise= 10.log{1/(1-L)}
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Monte Carlo run : DL Coverage (Step 4)

Generates downlink analyses : To do this, the simulation uses the best serving sector information determined in the uplink analysis A mobile is covered on Downlink if these radio conditions are verified: Pilot Coverage (Ec/I0 > Ec/I0 Threshold) Service Coverage(Eb/N0 at least equal to Eb/N0 Threshold) Additional conditions are considered to connect Mobiles on DL The Power of the Node-B is below the Max Number of OVSF codes Number of CE Throughout of the Site
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Last Run
On the last run of the simulation, the simulation tool also generates two additional types of data: Operating points These are the results of the simulation divided by sector, carrier, and subscriber type. Planet averages these and uses them to create analysis layers. Discrete subscriber information Planet compiles snapshots of each subscribers status on each run of the simulation

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Network analysis
It is a link budget that provide simplified analysis for uplink and Downlink loading.
Detailed Subscriber information is not required. Nominal subscriber information is used instead This algorithm will not provide information about the use of power, OVSF codes and channel elements since traffic map is not used.

Can be used for Initial Network planning and if the network is not loaded.
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HSUPA in Planet 5.2

As part of the WCDMA tool, HSUPA is being implemented in Planet 5.2
On top of the existing Rel99, HSDPA and Rel99&HSDPA carrier types, two new carrier types have been created:
HSPA Rel99&HSPA

HSPA = HSDPA (Downlink) + HSUPA (Uplink)

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Network Settings - Carriers

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Network Settings - FRC

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Network Settings - FRC

FRC: Fixed Reference Channel A FRC represents an E-DCH channel configuration They have been used for testing purposes
TTI Length (ms) 2 2 2 10 10 10 10 Number of Codes SF2 0 2 2 0 0 2 0 SF4 2 0 2 1 2 0 0 SF16 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Coding rate Max Data Rate (kbps) 1353 2706 4059 508 980 1960 69 HSUPA UE Category 2 4 6 1 2,3 4,5 1

FRC

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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0.71 0.71 0.71 0.53 0.51 0.51 0.29

Downlink channels
Although HSUPA is an uplink technology, new downlink channels are necessary
E-AGCH E-HICH E-RGCH

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They are combined under HSUPA Control Channels and their power is specified in the sector settings, along with the other common channels

Uplink Noise Rise

DPCH Noise Rise: Noise due to Release 99 and HSDPA subscribers Total Uplink Noise Rise: Total noise, including HSUPA traffic
E-DPCH Noise Rise
Uplink Interference

Total Uplink Noise Rise (dB)

DPCH Noise Rise

DPCH Noise Rise (dB)

Thermal Noise

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Uplink Noise Rise

All uplink layers are based on the Total uplink noise rise What is the DPCH Noise Rise for?

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E-DCH Layers
FRC Coverage probability Only for selected data rates Based on slow fading standard deviation (clutter types GUI) and required Ec/No for the FRC (Network settings) Max Achievable data rate This is the data rate of the best FRC that achieves the cell edge coverage probability (Services GUI: typically 85%) Average data rate This takes all selected FRCs into account and calculates the average data rate based on each FRCs coverage probability

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E-DCH Layers
E-DCH Coverage for FRC1 E-DCH Max Achievable Data Rate E-DCH Average Data Rate

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Monte-Carlo simulation
HSUPA is supported by the Monte-Carlo tool As a result,
HSPA carriers will spread HSDPA subscribers Rel99&HSPA carriers will spread Release 99 subscribers and HSDPA subscribers and HSUPA subscribers

Noise Rise
The noise rise output of the Monte Carlo simulation includes the DPCH Noise Rise and HSUPA traffic The Total Noise Rise defined in the sector settings (including HSUPA traffic) will be used by the layers

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