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Wind Effect On Structural 1
Wind Effect On Structural 1
Wind characteristics
Micrometeorology: the study of detailed structure of atmospheric flow near the ground, ex: the mean wind speed profile, the atmospheric turbulence, etc. (some studies in micrometeorology can be directly used by structural engineers)
Climatology:
the prediction of wind conditions at a given geographical location, ex: extreme wind climatology
Temperature of atmosphere
original energy source
Sun
6000K
Humphreys experiment
tB : maintained
Fluid in A expands
heating
Equator
[Source: http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/met130/notes/chapter10/single_cell.html]
Air
Atmospheric hydrodynamics
The motion of an elementary mass of air is determined by the Newtons second law:
F m a
The forces F include: (1) The horizontal pressure gradient (2) The Coriolis force (3) The centrifugal force (4) The friction force
1. The horizontal pressure gradient: Vertical: main pressure, decrease with height Changes in pressure gradient Horizontal: changes are small wrt vertical Wind direction: high pressure low pressure (isobar) 2. The Coriolis force (apparent force)
Fc 2mv
v : the velocity vector of the mass : the angular velocity vector of the earth
mv r
v
F
vgr : gradient wind speed
r : radius of curvature
4. The friction force The surface of the earth retards the flow of air by the effects of friction Boundary layer of the atmostphere
free atmosphere (frictionless wind)
earth surface
Horse latitude
Secondary circulations
Wind directions
Mean pressure systems and representative wind vectors at the surface for (a) January and (b) July. The red dashed lines represent the equatorial trough (and monsoon trough over Asia).
[Source: http://www.goes-r.gov]
Moonsoons: seasonal reversing winds associated with asymmetric heating of land and sea (summer: ocean to land, with heavy rains)
[Source: http://www.taringa.net]
Tropical cyclones with surface wind speed >120km/h Diameter is in the order of 100km
Local wind
Small-scale / negligible influence on general circulation
Thunderstorm
Tornado
[Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:F5_tornado_Elie_Manitoba_2007.jpg]
Foehn wind
[Source: http://fineartamerica.com/featured/foehn-wind-artwork-gary-hincks.html]
6
7 8 9 10 11
9.8 12.4
12.4 15.2 15.2 18.2 18.2 21.5 21.5 25.1 25.1 29
Strong breeze
Light gale Moderate gale Fresh gale Strong gale Destructive gale
Saplings move
Strong branches bend, wind is heard in buildings Impeded walking, branches break, tree-trunks sway Wind displaces lighter objects, strong branches and saplings break, damage to chimneys Trees are uprooted, telegraph poles break Severe damage
12
29 and over
Hurricane
Disastrous damage