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Genetic Engineering of Plants
Genetic Engineering of Plants
Genetic Engineering of Plants
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Soil Plant pathogen Causes tumors- crown galls Contain Ti plasmid Only infects Dicots
1. Wounded plant 2. A. tumerfaciens attached to plant at wound site (often at base of stem -Crown) 3. Wounded plant secretes phenolic compounds 4. These compounds activate virulence genes of A. tumefaciens
Fig 22.17 Transformation of plant cells by Agrobacterium tumefaciens harboring a wild-type Ti plasmid.
Ti Plasmid
FIGURE 22.16 1. T-DNA (Transferred DNA) transferred and expressed into plant causing tumor (crown gall) formation 2. Virulence Genes essential for the transfer and integration of the T-DNA
3. ori
4. Noc (Opine Catabolism) genes (other microbes do NOT have)
Engineered Ti plasmid
1. Clone foreign gene into T-DNA 2. Delete genes responsible for tumor formation 3. Add selectable marker
Single Vector
Double Vector
Agricultural Biotechnology
$67 billion/year industry FOOD LOSS One-third of worlds crops are lost to insects, disease and weeds
HERBICIDERESISTANT PLANTS
Reduce Cost, Labor, Environmental Stress 606 million pounds of herbicide/yr in US
Herbicide-Resistance
Roundup Monsanto Glyphosate - inhibits the enzyme necessary for amino acid production KILLING WEEDS By modifying the crop gene for amino acid production ROUNDUP has less affinity for enzyme Crops are resistance Disadvantage: Kills spiders, earthworms and fish Other Considerations: Cross Pollination -Resistant weeds?