The Process of Measuring Is The Comparison of Some Unknown Value With A Value Which Is Assumed To Be Known - The Known Value Is Called Standard

INTRODUCTION
The process of measuring is the comparison of some unknown value with a value which is assumed to be known . The known value is called standard.
INTRODUCTION
The system which is used for this comparison is known as measuring system. A measuring system is also called an instrument or scale or meter or analyzer.
AIM OF MEASUREMENT
The primary purpose of measurement in process industries and industrial manufacturing is to aid in the economics of industrial operations by improving the quality of the product and efficiency of production. For this purpose and for the maintenance of proper operation measurement is very important.
MEASUREMENT SYSTEM AND ITS CONSTITUENT ELEMENTS
Primary Sensing Element

The primary sensing element of an instrument is that which first receives energy from the measured medium and produces an output depending in some way in the value of the measured quantity.
Variable Conversion Element

Variable conversion element merely converts the output signal of the primary sensing element (which is some physical variable such as a voltage or a displacement) into a more suitable variable or condition useful to function of the instrument.
Variable Manipulation Element

The variable manipulation element manipulates the signal represented by some physical variable to perform the intended task of an instrument. In the manipulation process, the physical nature of the variable is preserved.
Data Transmission Element

A data transmission element transmit the data from one element to other e.g.; shaft and bearings, gears etc.
Data Presentation element

A data presentation element performs the transition function such as the simple indication of pointer moving over a scale or recording of pen moving over a chart.
EXAMPLE OF THE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM AND ITS CONSTITUENT ELEMENTS
The liquid or gas filled temperature bulb act as a primary sensing element and variable conversion element. Temperature change result in a pressure bulb because of the constrained thermal expansion of the filling liquid.
The pressure is transmitted through the capillary tube to a spiral bourdon tube Pressure gauge. (Data transmission element) Bourdon tube convert the pressure into displacement (variable conversion method).
Displacement is manipulated by the linkage & gearing to give a large pointer motion (variable manipulation element). The pointer & scale indicate the temperature. (Data presentation element)
Sensor
Sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or it by an instrument. All sensors are transducers but all transducers are not sensors.
Transducer
A transducer is a device which converts one type of energy or physical attribute to another. For various purposes including measurement or information transfer.
PERFORMANCE TERMINOLOGY
RANGE: The range of a transducer defines the limits between the inputs can vary. SPAN: The span is the maximum value of the input minus the minimum value. ERROR: Error is the difference between the result of measurement & true value of the quantity being measured. Error = measured value-True value
HYSTERISIS ERROR: Transducers can give different output from the same value of quantity being measured according to whether that value has been reloaded by continuously decreasing change this effect is called hysterisis.
HYSTERISIS ERROR:
NON LINEARITY ERROR:
It is the maximum difference from the straight line.
BEST STRAIGHT LINE FOR ALL VALUES
BEST STRAIGHT LINE THROUGH ZERO POINT
STABILITY:
The stability of a transducer is its ability to give the same output when measuring a constant input over a period of time.
RESOLUTION: It is the smallest change in the input value that will produce an observable change.
STATIC CHARACTERISTICS
It deals with the measurement of those quantities which remains constant. All the static performance characteristics are obtained by one another of all process is called calibration.
Calibration is the process of comparison with a standard ,of the correct value of each reading on a meter or other measuring element (instrument).
CHARACTERISTICS Accuracy Precision Repeatability Sensitivity Reproducibility Drift Static error Dead zone Resolution Backlash True value Mistake Systematic error Random error Source error
ACCURACY: It is ability of a device or a system to respond to a true value of a measured variable under reference condition.
PRECISION: It is the degree of exactness for which an instrument is designed or intended to perform.
TRUE VALUE: It is the error free value of a measured variable. True value = Instrument reading static errors.
REPEATABILITY: It is the closeness of output , when same input is applied repeatedly over a short period of time with the same measurement conditions ,same instrument and observer ,same location and conditions of use maintained through out.
REPRODUCIBILITY: It is the closeness of an output reading for the same input where there are changes in the method of measurement, observer, measuring instrument, location, condition and the use and time of the continues measurement.
DRIFT: Drift is an undesired change or gradual variation in output over a period of time that is unrelated to changes in output, operating conditions or load.
SENSITIVITY: It is the ratio of a change in output to a change in input which causes it at steady state conditions
RESOLUTION: It is the smallest change in the input values that will produce an observable change in output.
DEAD ZONE: It is the largest range of a measure variable to which instrument does not respond.
BACKLASH: It is the lost motion or free plays which inherent in mechanical elements, such as gears, linkages, or other mechanical transmission devices that are not rigidly connected.
STATIC ERROR: It is the numerical difference between the true value of a quantity and its value as obtained by measurement. Repeated measurement of the same quantity gives different indications.
MISTAKES: These errors are due to human mistakes.
SYSTEMATIC ERRORS: A constant uniform deviation of operating point of an instrument is known as systematic errors
TYPES OF SYSTEMATIC ERRORS: Instrumental errors Environmental errors
INSTRUMENTAL ERRORS: It is due to friction in bearing of various moving components, irregular spring tension, stretching of a springs, or reduction in tension due to improper handling or over loading of the instrument.
ENVIRONMENTAL ERROR:
It is due to the environmental changes like temperature, humidity, barometric pressure or magnetic and electrical fields. Environmental errors are avoided by: Providing air conditioning.
RANDOM ERRORS: Random errors are unknown or not determinable in the ordinary process of making measurements. Random errors are small and following the laws of chance. It occurs in the ordinary process of making measurements.
SOURCE OF ERRORS: It is due to the insufficient knowledge of process parameters conditions, poor design, poor maintains, change in process parameters of irregularities.
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS
The dynamic behavior of an instrument is determined by subjecting its primary element to some unknown and predetermined variations occurred in measured quantities.
MAIN DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS ARE: Speed of response Fidelity Lag Dynamic error
SPEED OF RESPONSE: It is rapidly with which an instrument responds to change in the measured quantity
FIDELITY: It is the degree to which an instrument indicates the change in measured variable without dynamic error.
LAG: It is the retardation or delay in the response of an instrument to use or changes in measured quantity.
DYNAMIC ERROR: It is the difference between the true value of a quantity changing with time and value indicated by the instrument if not static error is assumed.

The Process of Measuring Is The Comparison of Some Unknown Value With A Value Which Is Assumed To Be Known - The Known Value Is Called Standard

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INTRODUCTION

MEASUREMENT SYSTEM AND ITS CONSTITUENT ELEMENTS

Primary Sensing Element

Variable Conversion Element

Variable Manipulation Element

Data Transmission Element

Data Presentation element

EXAMPLE OF THE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM AND ITS CONSTITUENT ELEMENTS

EXAMPLE OF THE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM AND ITS CONSTITUENT ELEMENTS

EXAMPLE OF THE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM AND ITS CONSTITUENT ELEMENTS

EXAMPLE OF THE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM AND ITS CONSTITUENT ELEMENTS

It is the maximum difference from the straight line.

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