Table 2-1 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Organic Moleculescarbon based

Organic molecules are found in living things. The chemistry of carbon accounts for the chemistry of organic molecules. Macromolecules (Polymers)

Figure 2-29 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Table 2-3 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Organic Molecules
monomer

polymer

Figure 2-17 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 2-30 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 2-31 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 2-32 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Dehydration Synthesis or Condensation Reactions vs Hydrolysis

Dehydration (condensation) builds. Hydrolysis breaks down.
covalent bonds Condensati on A OH + H B Hydrolysis If the reaction is carried out multiple times you create a polymer! A B + HOH or H2O

+ H2O molecules

Carbohydrates
Generally, C:H:O in a 1:2:1 ratio (CH2O)n Functions quick energy and short-term energy storage. EX glycogen, starch Structure. EX. Cellulose Polymer=polysaccharides EX. Starch Monomers= monosaccharides EX.

NOMENCLATURE
Based

on number of carbons 3C==triose 4C==tetrose 5C==pentose, etc

Structure of Glucose

Figure 2-19 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Polymerization of Carbohydrates

Disaccharides

 Joining

Monosaccharides

Disaccharides Oligosaccharid es Polysaccharide s

Figure 2-20 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

POLYSACCHARIDES
STARCH

GLYCOGE N CELLULOS E

LIPIDS
NON-POLAR FUNCTIONS

BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES

Energy storage: Fats and oils. Waterproofing: Waxes and oils Insulation: Fat layers (blubber) Cushioning: Fat layers (soles of your feet) Regulating metabolism: Steroids Component of cell membranes: Phospholipids

Lipid structure (Triglyceride)

Glycerol backbone Fatty acid tails Fats vs oils

X 3

Triglyceride formation
H H-COH H

H-COH

H-COH H GLYCEROL

O HHHHH HO-C-C-C-C-C-C-H HHHHH O HHHHH HO-C-C-C-C-C-C-H HHHHH O HHHHH HO-C-C-C-C-C-C-H HHHHH FATTY ACIDS

O HHHHH H-CO-C-C-C-C-C-C-H + H20 HHHHH O HHHHH H-CO -C-C-C-C-C-C-H + H20 HHHHH O HHHHH H-CO -C-C-C-C-C-C-H + H20 HHHHH H TRIGLYCERIDE + 3 H20 Dehydration Synthesis

What type of reaction forms a triglyceride?

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats

Phospholipids
The major structural component of cell membrane s

Phospholipid Behavior

Nucleic Acids
Polymers:

DNA and RNA Monomers: nucleotides Functions Information storage and transmission ATP is energy currency of cell

Nucleotide Structure

DNA vs RNA

The Double Helix of DNAComplementary base pairing

Adenosine Triphosphate-ATP
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy currency of cells

Proteins
What do they do? Structure Act as enzymes to speed reactions Serve as carriers Act as antibodies Transporters and channels

Proteins --polymers of amino acids.

Figure 3-2 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Peptide Bonds

Proteins--Levels of Organization.

TERTIARY (3) STRUCTURE3D

1

structure and environment FactorsR-groups

Hydrogen bonding Hydrophobic interactions Ionic (salt) bridges Disulfide bonds
Native

vs Denatured REMEMBER: A PROTEINS FUNCTION IS A RESULT OF ITS FORM!!

Figure 3-28 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 3-4 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 3-5 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Dominios de Proteina

Figure 3-10 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 3-15 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Levels of Protein Structure Quaternary (4) Structure

Multiple chains: interactions of more than one polypeptide chain to form the complete, functional protein. Ex. Hemoglobin and antibodies

Figure 3-21 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Muchas protenas se ensamblan repetidamente formando estructuras complejas

Ensamblaje del virus TBSV, requiere 180 copias de una protena para formar la cpside, alrededor de una molcula de RNA

No slo aminocidos forman parte de la estructura de las protenas - Muchas protenas tienen en su estructura molculas orgnicas pequeas y/o metales que son fundamentales en su funcin - El grupo Heme de la hemoglobina, algunos derivados de vitaminas y metales como el hierro, cobre, zinc y magnesio son ejemplos de estos llamados grupos prostticos.

Algunas vitaminas y coenzimas necesarias para una clula

En una clula, todas las protenas interaccionan con otras molculas

La conformacin tridimensional de la protena es crucial en la formacin del sitio de unin al ligando

La habilidad de unirse selectivamente a un ligando depende de una serie de interacciones dbiles no-covalentes: enlaces inicos, puentes de hidrgeno, interacciones hidrofbicas.

cAMP

Regulacin
La clula puede regular la actividad o funcin de las protenas de varias maneras
- Sntesis: la regulacin transcripcional determina qu genes se expresan en una clula y en qu momento - Degradacin: las protenas son destrudas por maquinarias especiales en la clula para terminar con su funcin. - Interaccin con otras protenas: Una molcula represora o activadora se une a la protena para regular su funcin - Cambios conformacionales: cambios en la estructura conformacional de una protena pueden modular su funcin. Una de las formas mas importantes en que se logra esto es a travs de la fosforilacin y desfosorilacin de la protena

EnzymesBiological Catalysts
Catalyst?

Speeds up reaction Proteins The Model:

E=Enzyme S=Substrate P=Product

E+S

ES

E+P

Enzymes Lower Energy of Activation

Enzymes-- lower the energy barrier

Reactants

Products

Figure 5.5A

Enzyme

EA barrier

Enzyme-Substrate Complexes
Every

reaction in a cell requires a specific enzyme. Enzymes are named for their substrates: Substrate Enzyme Lipid Lipase Urea Urease Maltose Maltase Ribonucleic acid Ribonuclease

Cell Chemistry
Enzymesinvolved

in almost all chemical reactions. AnabolismThe building reactions. EX. Protein synthesis CatabolismThe breakdown reactions. EX. Protein digestion

Enzyme Cofactors
Cofactors

---may be necessary for some enzymes to carry out their functions. Two types: Metal ions. EX copper (Cu+2) or iron (Fe+2) Coenzymes Organic molecules, must be present for other enzymes to function. EX vitamins