FORMATION Evaluation

CGE 674 MINI PROJECT : LEBAH FIELD

Presenter : aidil anuar Izzah sofiahanun Mohd hanafi Nik amir Siti nooraminah 2011292766 2011816436 2011898406 2011639802 2011830348

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION
Formation evaluation- determine whether a potential oil or gas field can produce petroleum commercially- using available data.

Data are represented on graph-LOG

Used to find parameters (eg: porosity, Rw, Sw, etc) Logs - porosity log - lithology log
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1.0 RESERVOIR ROCK PARAMETER

1.0 Permeable and NonPermeable Zone

Permeability measure of the ability of a material such as rocks to transmit fluids. Permeable zone reservoir that allowed the oil and gas to migrate upward. Non-permeable zone prevent the oil and gas migrate further through it. Permeable zones of a log can be determined by using Gamma Ray, Self-Potential and Resistivity logs.

Figure 1.1.1: Combination of GR, SP and Resistivity logs to identify permeable and nonpermeable zones

Gamma Ray (GR) Log

At non-permeable zones give high reading of GR. At permeable zones low reading of GR. The low GR readings (42 API to 102 API) at depth below 1302.53
indicate the permeable zones which favorable for the oil and gas accumulation.
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Self-Potential (SP) Log

The depth above 1302.53m the SP curve near the left side which is the non-permeable zone. From depth 1302.53m to 1571.67m rapidly deflection of the curve from the left to the right indicates as permeable zone.

Resistivity Log
To determine the presence of hydrocarbon in the logs. At depth above 1302.53m low resistivity readings indicate there are no hydrocarbon exists. At depth 1302.53 m to 1508.0m the high resistivity reading indicate the presence of hydrocarbon. Indicate as permeable zone. Resistivity not response to water that will show low resistivity readings.

1.2 SHALE VOLUME

The determination of shale content need to accurately derive porosity from porosity logs.
Shale volume can be determined by using Gamma Ray log Gamma Ray log - used for identifying lithologies and for correlating zones.

Shale free sandstones and carbonates: have low concentrations of radioactive material give low gamma ray readings As shale content increases, the gamma ray log response increases. due to the concentration of radioactive material in shale
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cont.
The volume of shale expressed as a decimal fraction or percentage is called Vshale.

Where;

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Depth M

1300
UA

UB

1350

Uc

UD

UE

1400
UF

Figure 1.2.1: Graph of shale volume at each depth of interest zone

1450
UG

1500

UG1

UG2

1550

Gas

Oil

Water

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cont.
GRmax = 100.4097 API GRmin = 43.229 API Based on graph of depth versus shale volume, Vsh i. between the depth of 1380 and 1473 m give a much less volume of shale to be compared with depth of 1302 to 1382 m and from 1508 to 1520 m which give high shale volume. ii. From the graph, low volume of shale is favorable where it highlights the high probability of hydrocarbon presence. Based on the percentage of shale volume, it is proven that our formations are shaly formation (10 40%) and shale formation (>40%). However, the shale formation is useless.
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1.3 POROSITY
percentage of pore volume or void space within the rock that occupy with the fluids.
porosity can be divided into two : primary and secondary Can be determined from the calculation of the bulk density obtained from the log data.

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porosity

Corrected porosity

Non corrected porosity

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1.4 FORMATION WATER RESISTIVITY (Rw)

Resistivity value of water that saturates porous formation. In order to use Archies equation the resistivity value can be found by number of methods: a) Rw from SP b) Rwa Approach c) Ratio Method d) Pickett Plot
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RW from The Pickett Plot

n Use Archies relationship: Sw = FRw /Rt Rearrange Archies Equation: log Rt = -m log + log (aRw)-nlog Sw Rt vs is plotted on a log-log plot Then, Rw Pickett Plot, resistivity vs total porosity is plotted.

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Example of Pickett Plot (m derivation)

The slope is m and the intersection is aRw

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 Example of Pickett Plot

The value of Rw given is 0.2148

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1.5 WATER SATURATION (Sw)

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2.0 FLUID CONTACTS

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2.1 WATER AND HYDROCARBON BEARING ZONES

The nature of the fluids in the permeable formations is determined by analysis of the porosity logs (neutron and density) and resistivity logs. Porosity to differentiate gas and liquid but cannot differentiate between water and oil. Resistivity possible to differentiate between liquid hydrocarbon and water.
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Figure 2.1.1: Combination of Neutron-Density logs and Resistivity logs to identify permeable and non-permeable zones

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Neutron-Density Log
The gas zone was identified to be at the depth from 1302m to 1470m because of the large separation between the Neutron and the Density log (yellow shaded region). The liquid zone which consists of oil and water was identified to be at the depth from 1470m to 1571m because of the small separation in the Neutron-Density log.
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Resistivity Log
To differentiate between hydrocarbon and water at the liquid zone. The oil zone was identified from depth of 1470m to 1510m indicated by the high resistivity readings. The low resistivity readings at the water zone at depth from 1510m to 1571m.

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 We can identify fluid type by using SP log.

2.2 FLUID TYPES

Rmf << Rw

Shale Baseline

Figure 2.2.1: SP curve deflection with depth

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FLUID TYPE (continue)

In SP logging, there are two aqueous solutions:
the well bore fluid (drilling mud) the formation water (connate water)

The potential opposite shale is called the baseline, and typically shifts only slowly over the depth of the borehole which way the SP curve will deflect opposite a permeable formation. Figure 2.2.1 shows SP curve deflection where it indicates a positive deflection to the right (away from the shale baseline).
due to the difference in Rmf and Rw and not to the amount of permeability

This result shows deflection from the shale baseline, with

Rw >> Rmf

The fluid type used in the formation is fresh water mud with
f = 1.0 g/cm .

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2.3 GAS-OIL CONTACT(GOC) AND OIL-WATER CONTACT(WOC)

The difference of gravity of fluids puts gas on the top of oil (or water) and oil on top of water in most reservoirs. The gas/oil or gas/water contact is usually gradational, covering a few to many feet. The top of the transition zone-base of clean oil production The base of the transition zone-top of free water
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GOC AND WOC

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CONCLUSION

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CONCLUSION
Gamma ray log Show permeable and nonpermeable zones (later verified by SP log) Find Vshale Resistivity log High reading: hydrocarbon zone Low reading: water zone SP log Determine the fluid types

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CONCLUSION (continue)
Subtitute given Rw into Archies Equation and Simandoux Equation

Measure porosity
Neutrondensity log
Water Saturation, Sw

Show gas effect

Conclusion, formation: shally

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THE END

THANK YOU

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