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I. th khi nim (CGs) 1. th khi nim nh ngha V d 2. Phn cp loi (type) 3. Cc php ton trn th khi nim Php nhn bn (Copy) Php gii hn ( Restriction) Php ni (Join) Php rt gn (Simplify) 4. nh mnh 5. th khi nim v logic 6. Gii thut chuyn mt th khi nim sang biu din v 2 t II. ng dng

M hnh th khi nim (Conceptual Graphs_CGs) c Jonh F.Sowa gii thiu ln u tin vo nm 1976.

1. TH KHI NIM:
nh

ngha: th khi nim l mt th hu hn, lin thng, cc nh c chia lm hai loi: nh khi nim v nh quan h. nh khi nim: nh khi nim l nh dng biu din cc khi nim c th (ci, in thoi) hay tru tng (tnh yu, p, vn ha). K hiu:

1. TH KHI NIM:
Mi nh khi nim c quy nh cch gn nhn l: loi: tn_c_th tn_c_th c th l: 1. Mt tn no , nh: sinhvin: Nam -> mt sinh vin c tn l Nam. 2. Mt kho phn bit, c vit theo c php #kha: sinhvin: #59701234 -> mt sinh vin c kho l: 59701234.

1. TH KHI NIM:
3. C th dng du sao (*) ch ra mt c th cha xc nh, nh: sinhvin: * , c tc dng nh sinhvin -> ch ra mt sinh vin bt k sinhvin:*X -> sinh vin bt k, tn sinh vin c ly qua bin X. sinhvin:ng* -> sinh vin c tn bt u bi ng 1, 2 c gi l khi nim c th, 3 c gi l khi nim tng qut

1. TH KHI NIM:
nh quan h: L nh dng ch ra quan h gia cc khi nim c ni n ni. K hiu: Trong th khi nim ch c khc loi mi c ni vi nhau Mi loi th biu din mt mnh n. C s tri thc: cha nhiu khi nim

1. TH KHI NIM: Mt nh quan h c th l mt hay nhiu ngi. VD:

Con chim Bay

Mt ngi. Biu din: con chim bit bay

Con ch Mu Nu

Hai ngi. Biu din: con ch c mu nu.

Ngi: Nam Ngi: Hong B m

Ngi: Lan

Ba ngi. Biu din : Nam c b l ng Hong v b Lan

1. TH KHI NIM:

VD:

Person:Mary

Agent

give

Object

Person: John

recipient

book

Mary give John the book.

1. TH KHI NIM:

VD:
G1:
Dog: lulu color Color: Brown

G2:
Dog:#123 color Color: Brown

G3:
Dog:#123
color

Color: Brown String: lulu

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name

1. TH KHI NIM:

VD: The dog scratches its ear with its paw.

Dog:*X Verb: scratch Part: ear

Agent

Object

Instrument

Part

Part: paw

Part

Dog: *X

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2. PHN CP LOI (TYPE)

Nu ta c s v t l hai loi (type) th: st : s :subtype ca t t : supertype ca s VD: sinhvien l subtype ca nguoi nguoi l supertype ca sinhvin => sinhvien nguoi

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2. PHN CP LOI (TYPE)

VD:

s: c gi l common_subtype ca r v v T: c gi l common_supertype ca mi type v: c gi l common_supertype ca s v u m: c gi l common_subtype ca mi type

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3. CC PHP TON TRN TH KHI NIM

Php nhn bn (Copy) To ra hai th ging nhau

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3. CC PHP TON TRN TH KHI NIM

Php gii hn ( Restriction)

To ra mt th mi bng cch: t mt th c thay th mt nh khi nim thnh mt nh khc c th hn, nh hai trng hp: Mt bin * c th thay th bi mt kha hay mt tn c th. VD: Dog:* -> dog: #123 hay Dog:lulu Mt type c thay th bi subtype ca n. VD: Animal: lulu -> Dog: lulu
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3. CC PHP TON TRN TH KHI NIM

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3. CC PHP TON TRN TH KHI NIM

Php ni (Join): Ni hai th c mt th khc G1:

Agent Eat Object Brown
Bone

Dog:lulu

Color

G2:
Dog: lulu location porch

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color

brown

3. CC PHP TON TRN TH KHI NIM

Ni G1 v G2 ta c: G3:
Agent Eat Object Bone

Dog:lulu

Color

Brown

location
Color brown

porch

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3. CC PHP TON TRN TH KHI NIM

Php rt gn (Simplify): VD: G4 c hnh thnh t G3 sau khi rt gn

Agent

Eat

Object

Bone

Dog:lulu

Color

Brown

location

porch

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3. CC PHP TON TRN TH KHI NIM

Nhn

xt: Php Restriction v php Join cho php chng ta thc hin tnh tha k trn th khi nim. Khi thay mt bin * bi mt c th c th, lc chng ta cho php c th tha k cc tnh cht t loi (type) ca n, cng tng t khi ta thay th mt type bi subtype ca n.

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4. NH MNH

nh mnh l mt nh khi nim c cha mt th khi nim khc. VD: Tom believes that Jane like pizza

Person: Tom

Experienrcer

Believe

Object

Person: Jane

Agent

Like

Pizza

Object
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5. TH KHI NIM V LOGIC Php hi (and) ca nhiu khi nim, mnh chng ta c th thc hin d dng cch cch ni nhiu th bi php ton join. Php ph nh(not) v php tuyn(or) gia cc khi nim hay mnh cng c th c th hin bng cch a vo nh quan h c tn: neg(ph nh), or(tuyn) nh dng sau.

nh khi nim, mnh

nh khi nim, mnh

neg

or
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5. TH KHI NIM V LOGIC

VD: There are no pink dogs

dog:*

color

pink

neg

Trong th khi nim, cc khi nim tng qut (nh dng bin * - nh dog:* , hay ch c tn loi nh dog ) c xem nh c lng t tn ti (). Do vy, mnh trong v d trn c biu din v t l: XY(dog(X) ^ color(X,Y) ^ pink(Y))
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5. TH KHI NIM V LOGIC

V ton b th ( bao gm nh quan h :neg), c biu din v t: XY(dog(X) ^ color(X,Y) ^ pink(Y)). = XY((dog(X) ^ color(X,Y) ^ pink(Y))).

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6. GII THUT CHUYN MT TH KHI NIM SANG BIU DIN V T

1. Gn mt bin ring bit (X1, X2,) cho mi khi nim tng qut. 2. Gn mt hng cho mi khi nim c th trong th. Hng ny c th l tn c th hay kho ca n. 3. Biu din mt nh khi nim bi mt v t mt ngi; c tn l tn loi (type), i s l bin hay hng va gn trn. 4. Biu din mi nh quan h bi mt v t n ngi; c tn l tn ca nh quan h, cc thng s l bin hay hng c gn cho cc nh khi nim ni n n. 5. Hi ca tt c cc cu trong bc 3 v 4. Tt c cc bin trong biu thc thu c u nh km lng t tn ti.
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6. GII THUT CHUYN MT TH KHI NIM SANG BIU DIN V T

VD:

Dog: lulu

Color

Brown

c chuyn sang l: X1(dog(lulu) ^ color(X1) ^ brown(X1))

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III. NG DNG Truy vn thng tin, thit k CSDL Tm kim thng tin trn web Gom cm vn bn

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III. NG DNG

S dng th khi nim x l cu truy vn t nhin thiu chnh xc v khng y Vi s pht trin ca Web c ng ngha (Semantic Web), khi nim ontology c gii thiu nh mt hnh thc biu din thng tin hiu qu trn ngn ng t nhin. Tuy nhin ngi dng thng nhp vo nhng cu truy vn dng thu gn, thiu t kha cn thit c th x l thng qua ontology. Gn y, th khi nim(Conceptual graph - CG) c xem nh mt hnh thc biu din tri thc hu hiu x l cc cu trc ngn ng. Xy dng CG t mt ontology s c th x l c cc cu truy vn thiu chnh xc v khng y .

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III. NG DNG
Biu din mt cu truy vn s dng th khi nim VD: Biu din cu truy vn Tm ti liu c upload bi nhn vin phng kinh doanh c dng pdf

DOCUMENT: ?

Was upload

EMPLOYEE: *

is

belong

FORMAT: pdf

DEPARTMENT: Sales department

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K hiu ? minh ha mt tham chiu truy vn K hiu * biu din mt tham chiu tng qut

III. NG DNG
T ng to ra cc th truy vn Qu trnh ny bao gm 2 bc: To khi nim v Xy dng quan h To khi nim Sau khi nhn dng c cc khi nim v thc th chng ta s nh x chng vo cc inh tng ng trn CG. Pht trin cc lut Heuristic sau thc hin: - Mt thc th s c nh x thnh mt tham chiu thc th - Mt khi nim s c nh x thnh mt tham chiu truy vn nu trong cu truy vn khng cha thc th no thuc khi nim ny

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III. NG DNG
VD: Cu truy vn: (Q1) Find all the documents were uploaded by employee named David Khi nim l Document, Employee v thc th David Theo lut Heuristic trn th thc th David s c nh x thnh mt tham chiu thc th. Gia khi nim Document v Employee, chng ta gi li khi nim Document nh l mt tham chiu truy vn, cn khi nim Employee c mt thc th tng ng trong cu truy vn nn s b loi b

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III. NG DNG
Xy

dng quan h Gia mi cp nh nhn dng c, chng ta tm ng i tng ng trn cc khi nim c nh ngha trong ontology. Cc ng i sau ny s c hp nht li to ra th khi nim sau cng. VD: Q1 upload
EMPLOYEE: David

DOCUMENT: ?

X l thng tin khng y . Xt cu truy vn sau: What did the employees of sales department upload at the month September 2010?

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III. NG DNG
C hai tham chiu thc th thuc khi nim Department v Date c xc nh Sau y l CG c xy dng da trn vic tm ng i trn Document Management Ontology
DOCUMENT: ?

upload

DEPARTMENT: Employee of sales department

Upload-at

DATE: September 2010

Thng tin khng y v khi nim Document c t ng pht hin v thm vo th sau cng

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TI LIU THAM KHO Conceptual Graphs _ John F. Sowa http://www.scribd.com/doc/57379322/Do-Thi-KhaiNiem S dng th khi nim x l cu truy vn t nhin thiu chnh xc v khng y _ Phm Cng Thin v Phan Nht Thnh

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Sinh vin thc hin: Xa Th M Hng. MSSV: 10520488 Bi Th Mnh. MSSV: 10520484

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Sinh vin thc hin: Xa Th M Hng. MSSV: 10520488 Bi Th Mnh. MSSV: 10520484

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