Trump Int Hotel

Trump International Hotel & Tower, Chicago

Street Address 401 North Wabash Avenue Building Function residential / hotel Structural Material concrete Proposed 2001 Construction 2005- 2009 Global Ranking #11 tallest in the World Regional Ranking #2 tallest in North America National Ranking #2 tallest in United States City Ranking #2 tallest in Chicago Official Website www.trumpchicago.com

 Height: Architectural 423.2 m Height: Occupied 340.1 m Height: To Tip 423.2 m Floors Above Ground 98 Floors Below Ground 2 # of Elevators 27 Top Elevator Speed 8 m/s Tower GFA 241,548 m

Companies Involved
Developer The Trump Organization Design Architect Skidmore Owings & Merrill Structural Engineer Skidmore Owings & Merrill MEP Engineer WMA Consulting Engineers Main Contractor Bovis Lend Lease Inc. Material Suppliers Permasteelisa Group Other Consultants KONE; RWDI; Dow Corning Corporation

 The Trump International Hotel and Tower, also known as Trump Tower Chicago and Trump Tower, is a skyscraper condo-hotel in downtown Chicago, Illinois The building, named after billionaire real estate developer Donald Trump, was designed by architect Adrian Smith of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill. Bovis Lend Lease built the 92-story structure, which reached a height of 423 m including its spire, its roof topping out at 360 m It is adjacent to the main branch of the Chicago River, with a view of the entry to Lake Michigan beyond a series of bridges over the river

The Atrium

 Trump announced in 2001 that the skyscraper would become the tallest building in the world, but after the September 11, 2001 terrorists attacks, he scaled back the building's plans, and its design underwent several revisions When topped out in 2009, it became the second-tallest building in the Western Hemisphere, after another Chicago building, the Willis Tower Trump Tower surpassed the city's John Hancock Center as the building with the highest residence in the world, and held this title until the completion of the Burj Khalifa. As of 24 November 2012 it is the twelfth-tallest building in the world.

 Trump Tower viewed from Fifth Avenue

 The design of the building includes, from the ground up, retail space, a parking garage, a hotel, and condominiums. The 339-room hotel opened for business with limited accommodations and services on January 30, 2008. April 28 of that year marked the grand opening with full accommodation and services of hotel services. A restaurant on the 16th floor, named Sixteen, opened in early 2008 to favorable reviews. The building topped out in late 2008 and construction was completed in 2009. The hotel is one of four in Chicago with an elite four- or five-star rating and the building hosts a restaurant that is one of nine in Chicago with either a four- or five-star rating, according to the Forbes Travel Guide.

 The design incorporates three setback features designed to provide visual continuity with the surrounding skyline, each reflecting the height of a nearby building The first setback, on the east side of the building, aligns with the cornice line of the Wrigley Building to the east; the second, on the west side, aligns with River Plaza to the north and with the Marina City Towers to the west. The third setback, on the east side, relates to 330 North Wabash building (formerly known as IBM Plaza).

 However, some views distort the alignment of the second setback. The setbacks and rounded edges of the building combat vortex formation which may occur in the "Windy City The body of the building is raised 9.1 m above the main Wabash entrance and 21 m above the Chicago River The building uses clear low-emissivity coated glass and a curved wing-shaped polished stainless steel mullion system that projects 23 cm from the glass line It incorporates a brushed stainless steel spandrel panels and clear anodized aluminum

 The building has 240,000 m2 of floor space, rises to 92 stories, and houses 486 luxury residential condominiums- studio apartments, a mixture of suites with one to four bedrooms, and five-bedroom penthouses A 4,900 m2 riverfront park and riverwalk, was opened in 2010 The building surpassed the record for containing the world's highest residence above ground-level, which had been held since 1969 by the nearby John Hancock Center. Because the Trump Tower has both hotel condominiums and residential condominiums, it does not contest the record held by the 79-story The Torch in Dubai, which, at 337 meters , is the tallest allresidential building.

Construction
By January 2007 all three adult Trump children (Ivanka Trump, Donald Trump, Jr., and Eric Trump) were executives in the acquisitions and development division of the organization. By the time the Chicago Trump Tower's hotel opened in the building in January 2008, Donald Trump and his three adult children were in the spotlight, overseeing the construction Bovis Lend Lease, noted for work on Disneyland Paris, Petronas Towers, and the Time Warner Center, was the construction company James McHugh Construction Co, the concrete subcontractor, implemented a comprehensive formwork for the construction of the building. At the completion of construction the building was the tallest formwork structure in the world, and follows in the footsteps of its neighbor, Marina City, as well as Chicago's Two Prudential Plaza, as past record holders.

Self Compacting Concrete

Concrete was used, because using a traditional ironwork structure would have required a building footprint that would have been too big for the property size, proportional to the height of the designed building. A steel frame would have had to be 7.6 m wider to have supported a building of this proportion Concrete will counteract the force of wind with the force of gravity of the 330,000 t building. SCC that leveraged more fluid liquid concrete facilitated pumping concrete up several hundred feet to the elevating construction site.

 The building is On Piles,Founded on limestone 34 m Below ground On top of these Piles , an 7,600 t concrete Raft was built. The building has 241 Piles, and the majority only descend 23 m into hard clay. However, 57 of them go an additional 11 m into the ground, including 1.8 m of bedrock The concrete spine uses five I-beam-shaped walls and exterior columns, narrowing to two as the building rises. Stainless steel, glass, and aluminum panels are attached to each floor. 45,000 t of reinforcing steel rebars Are Used. The use of concrete makes the building more fireproof. Of the $600 million construction budget, $130 million was earmarked for the James McHugh Construction Co, who handled the 140,000 m3 concrete-only portion of the job.

Design and Utilisation of HPC

HPC Mixes

Mat Foundation Construction

SCC For Mat

Structural System

Outrigger
The outriggers are large RC wall-beams (1.7m wide and 5.3m deep) that extend from the flanges of the core walls to the exterior columns at three of the double-height mechanical floors in the tower (Levels 28-29, 50-51, and 90-91) The outrigger levels occur just below the building setback levels, outriggers also serve as transfer girders, as the columns are relocated at the faade setbacks At the lowest building setback (Level 16) transfer girders allow for a column-free space at the ten parking levels. Perimeter belt walls at the roof and the three mechanical levels provide additional torsional stiffness and redundancy, as well as serving to equalize column loads along the perimeter.

Typical Residential Floor Plan

Typical Residential Floor

Typical residential floors are 230mm thick flat plates spanning up to a maximum of 9.1m without perimeter spandrel elements. This construction minimizes the structural depth of the floor, allowing higher ceiling heights. Tower columns are typically 600 by 1200mm rectangular sections at the top of the building and 1800mm diameter circular sections at the base.

Foundation
Tower supported by 57 rock caissons. Tower columns will be supported by 33 of these rock caissons up to 2.4m in diameter and stabilized by a series of caisson caps and grade beams A 3m thick concrete mat under the core walls transfers their loads into a grid of the 24 - 3m diameter drilled shaft rock caissons that extend about 25m down where they are socketed 1.8m into bedrock. The design specified an Osterberg load cell test be preformed on one of the first production rock caissons to verify an increase in allowable bearing pressure above the Chicago Building Code allowable 19,100 kN/m2. The resulting successful Osterberg load cell test, allowed the design team to utilize allowable bearing pressures up to 25,800 kN/m2.

 The mat pour in late September of 2005, represented 3,800 cubic meters of selfconsolidating concrete over the plan dimensions of 60m x 18m in a single continuous pour accomplished in a period of 22 hours and required 30 ready mix trucks making a total of 600 trips to the job site. Concrete was dispatched from the batch plant at a distance of approximately 2.5 kilometers, and was placed by conveyors The concrete flow from point of placement was on the order of up to 15 meters.

Mix For Mat Foundation

Blend of 12mm and 20mm size coarse aggregate Natural sand fine aggregate Ternary mix of Type II Portland cement, slag cement and Class C fly ash Type D chemical Retarder Polycarboxylate HRWR admixture and VMA Target flow spread 66 to 71cm Target J-Ring 61 to 69cm Water / Cementitious Ratio 0.26 to 0.28 After completion of the pour, the top surface was topped with rigid insulation planks and plywood to limit the heat loss through the exposed top surface.

Mix For Mat Foundation

The peak temperature within the interior of the mat pour was recorded at 680C at 72 hours after the pour The maximum differential between mid-height and top surface of the mat was 160C At 56 days, concrete cylinder compressive strengths at nearly 100 MPa and static modulus of elasticity at 47 GPa The mat foundation pour for the Trump Tower represented the largest single SCC placement in North America to date Subsequent core samples taken from the in-place mat concrete indicated uniform aggregate dispersion throughout the samples without segregation.

Trump Tower is quite slender

The aspect ratio of the tower is 8 to 1, significantly influenced by the dynamic nature of the wind and its interaction with the building structure. Movements under wind load are affected by a buildings stiffness, mass, and damping as well as the local wind environment and geometry of the tower shaft. Concrete chosen as the primary structural material to take advantage of its ability to provide a highly massive frame with high damping High lateral stiffness of the tower accomplished by using high modulus of elasticity concrete in the massive column, wall, and outrigger elements Inherent damping of the concrete frame is About 50% higher than in a comparable steel scheme.

Special Mix
83 MPa and 110 MPa strength SCC mix designs have been developed for the highly reinforced local outrigger zones at the building setbacks. Concrete is pumped with Putzmeister 14000 equipment as high as 340 meters above grade without horizontal staging. The 110 MPa design calls for a quadrenary cementitious mix composed of microsilica, slag cement, and fly ash in addition to ordinary portland cement. Target water / cementitious ratio is 0.25. Combinations of mid-range and high-range water reducers, retarder, and VMA are included in the mix design. Locally available limestone aggregate from the Thornton quarry up 20mm size is being used for the pumped mix.

High Performance Selfconsolidating Concrete

The heavy longitudinal reinforcing steel must pass from the thicker outrigger through the thinner core wall web to transfer forces between the columns and core. To reduce congestion, all primary reinforcing bars in the outrigger levels are 520 N/mm2 yield strength In three especially-tight locations, high strength structural steel plates with welded shear studs are used in lieu of reinforcing bars to transfer the necessary forces through the core wall web

High Performance Selfconsolidating Concrete

A series of high performance concrete mixturesare advancing the state-of-the-art. Concrete strengths of 83 MPa (cylinder strength) at 90 days have been specified for all vertical column and wall elements up to Level 51 Local areas in the outrigger zones, however, require 110 MPa (cylinder strength) concrete at 90 days Because the 110 MPa concrete is located in areas with high reinforcement congestion, self-consolidating concrete (SCC) with a minimum flow spread of 600mm has been specified. Further, to reduce the heat gain in the massive elements, the high performance SCC incorporates slag cement, fly ash, and silica fume as well as Portland cement.

Outrigger wall reinforcing

Modulus of Elasticity
A collaborative preconstruction concrete design mix testing program between the concrete supplier, the owners testing agency and Construction Technology Laboratories, established a correlation between the dynamic elastic modulus test, and the static modulus test. Testing of the 83 MPa concrete utilized in the lower level columns and shear walls has resulted in an average compressive strength in excess of 93 MPa at 90 days with a coefficient of variation below 9%. Static Modulus of elasticity testing has yielded an average modulus of 45.5 GPa at 90 days. This exceeds the modulus predicted using the equations in ACI 318 by over one standard deviation.

 On August 16, 2008, construction crews made the last major concrete pour to top off the Trump tower's concrete core To celebrate the milestone, a yellow tower crane raised a bucket full of concrete and an American flag to the rooftop of the skyscraper Donald Jr., Ivanka and Eric Trump attended the topping off party on September 24, 2008 Original plans called for the windows to be completed and the spire erected in October 2008. However, the spire installation was delayed through high winds in December 2008, and was finally completed on January 3, 2009.