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Aspectsofstandardsmar2012 120308161514 Phpapp02
Aspectsofstandardsmar2012 120308161514 Phpapp02
Webinar Schedule
Begin lecture at 1 pm Lecture for about 50 minutes
2. Element Materials Technology marketing information and scopes are available on our website: www.element.com
Topical Coverage
I picked topics based on my/our experience with these standards Ill try to keep your interest I wont cover all the notes; some of them are for reference only. This may be a good reason to download the pdf copy of the presentation. I will cover and omit topics partly based on time expenditure This presentation contains some of the presenters personal opinions.
What is ASTM?
Originally known as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Begun in 1898 when engineers and scientists gathered to address frequent rail breaks in the burgeoning railroad industry. Now known as ASTM International, which is one of the largest voluntary standards development organizations in the world. ASTM standards make products and services safer, better and more cost-effective.
Information on this and subsequent ASTM slides was obtained from www.astm.org and the ASTM Blue book
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ASTM
vs.
ASM
Note that ASTM and ASM are very different ASTM is a standards-making organization ASM International:
Is the former American Society for Metals, Is The Materials Information Society, Only supplies information about materials, Issues no standards, but Publishes handbooks that are an excellent source for crossreferencing various metals and alloy specifications
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With the advent of computerized standard delivery, the ASTM book volumes are becoming less significant and less used.
However, they are still extremely valuable for several specialized reasons like subject matter searches and alloy groupings because the ASTM website does not quite give you this key wording perfection.
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4.
5.
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JIS Background
The Japanese Standards Association is an organization that formed in December 6, 1945. The objective of the association is "to educate the public regarding the standardization and unification of industrial standards, and thereby to contribute to the improvement of technology and the enhancement of production efficiency". The primary activity of JSA is to publish and distribute JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards) JSA also publishes books on industrial standardization, quality management (control), administrative management, science and technology, JIS Handbooks, and other books.
http://www.jsa.or.jp/default_english.asp
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ISO Background
http://www.iso.org/iso/home.htm ISO standards are developed similarly to ASTM and according to the following principles: Consensus The views of all interests are taken into account: manufacturers, vendors and users, consumer groups, testing laboratories, governments, engineering professions and research organizations. Industry wide Global solutions to satisfy industries and customers worldwide. Voluntary International standardization is market driven and therefore based on voluntary involvement of all interests in the market-place. Example: Element laboratories have A2LA Accreditation International Standard ANS/ISO/IEC 17025 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories Aspects of Standards
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The creation of German standards is the task of DIN, a self-governing institution of trade and industry. DIN represents Germany and fulfils an equivalent function in the European and International (ISO) standards organization. An EN standard is a European standard, with the status of a DIN or BS (British) standard. CEN develops EN standards, in the same way as ASTM and ISO:
Standards are developed through a consensus process; Participants in standards development represent all concerned interests: industry, authorities and civil society, contributing mainly through their national standards bodies; Draft standards are made public for consultation at large; The final and formal vote is binding on all members; The European Standards (ENs) must be transposed into national standards and conflicting standards withdrawn.
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ASTM standards
Numbering Revision and issuance Test methods Specifications The sad stories..
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Standards Numbering
Volume 03.01 contains standards produced by the following committee(s):
E04 on Metallography E08 on Fatigue and Fracture
Im a member of these three committees for Element Wixom and I vote on new and revised standards that are issued by several subcommittees of these committees. The standards themselves are preceded by their letter category and a chronological number (which varies from one to four digits).
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2.
3.
4. 5.
The 99 signifies that it was originally adopted or last revised in 1999. Standards can be revised every day, but in reality, it takes a rather long process with one or more votes.
The a signifies that it was revised once in 1999 after it was adopted or a revision was published during that year.
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The 2004 signifies that it was reapproved with no changes during 2004.
All ASTM standards must be reapproved or withdrawn (after a vote) within seven years. ASTM will automatically withdraw the standard when/if the (sub)committee does not act to submit the standard for reapproval, revision or withdrawal vote within the seven years.
7.
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The footnotes at the bottom of the left hand column of each standard give more pedigree information. Chronology:
The current edition was approved on July 1, 2007. The current edition was published in September 2007. The standard was originally published as E3-21T, which was in 1921. This is the oldest surviving E standard! The last previous edition was E3-01, or the 2001 version.
The 2007 reapproval makes it a separate version!
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The major examples of incorrect (or at least inadvisable) reference are as follows:
Including a year for the reference (which is exactly opposite to the requirement for a report) Abstracting data from the cited ASTM standard, e.g., an alloy composition Both of these references are potentially out-of-date as soon as they are published.
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Material: LEADED RED BRASS PER ASTM B584-87 ALLOY UNS NO. C83600
Print requires (19)87 Version of ASTM B584 The earliest edition of the standard that we could find was (19)98a The sample was out-of-specification for 98a
This is the current (2008) version of the ASTM standard.
SAE
J417 Dec 1983 J419 Dec 1983 J422 Dec 1983 J423 Feb 1998
ASTM
E10-10 E18-08b E140-07
E1077-01(2005) E45-11 None!
ASTM is updated much more frequently so procedures are different. SAE test methods, except for case depth, are hardly used anymore.
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SAE
J403 November 2001 (wrought only) J434 Feb 2004
ASTM
A684(A684M)-10a
for strip with separate standards for wrought products of different form (sheet, plate, tube, bar, etc.) or castings
A536-84 (2009)
ASTM usually requires more and different things. SAE has more ambiguities.
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No discussion of residuals
Ni, Cr, Mo Could lead to a tool, alloy or stainless steel being classified as a plain carbon steel
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Heat treater hardens and tempers 3150, certifies it as 1050, and reports Service Center #1s composition to fastener manufacturer. Fasteners embrittle in the field and this caused a large recall. Major OEM very upset
OEM metallurgists say everyone should know that 1050 steel wasnt supplied OEM quality engineers and Tartaglia say 3150 steel is no different than 1050 steel based on SAE J403
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Ways That Failures Can Be Caused by Incorrect, Ambiguous, or Insufficient Specifications or Test Methods
Due to cost, availability, volume, or dimensional considerations
Prototypes often survive Production Part Approval Process (PPAP),* but production material fails because it is specified differently before production launch
*PPAP definition Per AIAG (Automotive Industry Action Group)
Prototype testing is only conducted on one end of the specification limit, but production parts may still fail even if they meet design specification
Specification is incomplete and inaccurate Conformance testing is not specified or ambiguously specified
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B557/B557M
A370
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All standards define 5% EUL (extension under load); mostly for Cu alloys
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Elongation measurements
1. Elongation at fracture
Total elongation per current versions of ASTM test methods E8, B557 and A370 Measured by extensometer
3. ASTM elongation calculation is all the same for JIS Z2242. 4. ASTM elongation calculation is mostly the same for DIN EN 10 002 Part 1
DIN EN has somewhat different gauge length requirements for some specimens, and thus elongation is calculated somewhat differently than ASTM and JIS.
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Potential problem:
But should you trust it (GIGO=garbage in-garbage out)?
Example:
ASTM E8, JIS Z2242, and DIN EN 10 045 Results Reports only ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength (YS), elongation (%El), and reduction of area (%RA) and a few other items under some conditions in all three types of standards What about modulus (E) and digital stress-strain curves?
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200
Stress (ksi)
150
100
Extensometer Strain %
50
significant inaccuracy has occurred at low strains here, so strain gauge must be used!
1.000 1.200 1.400 1.600
0.200
0.400
0.600
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No testing standard allows or discusses reporting of energy density (Joules per mm2), but many users scale energies for subsize samples
Although some product testing standards allow this calculation, this energy density calculation is fraught with peril!
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International Comparison:
(Same types, but different abbreviations)
Type Morphology and Color
Elongated, gray, and continuous (stringers) elongation (orientation) in working direction Elongated, dark, and continuous elongation (orientation) in working direction Elongated and fragmented (granular) with discontinuous elongation (orientation) in working direction Rounded and individual with no preferred orientation with respect to the working direction
Hardnes s
Soft & plastic
Soft & plastic
ASTM
DIN
JIS
Sulfide
SS
A1
Silicate
OS
A2
Alumina
Hard
OA
Globular
Hard
OG
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To take away
Standards are part of our lives and societies
Accept them Use them Contribute to their improvement
There are fine points that are similar and different between various worldwide standards
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Element Materials Technology 51229 Century Court Wixom, MI 48393-2074 Tel: 248-960-4900 Ext. 329 Fax: 248-960-5973 E-mail: john.tartaglia@element.com
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