UNIVERSITY GOCE DELCEV STIP FACULTY OF PHILOLOGY

AUXILIARY VERBS

An Auxiliary Verb
is a verb that helps to form tenses, voices, or moods of other verbs. It is also called a helping verb or a special verb

AUXILIARY VERBS
PRIMARY AUXILIARIES: Be, do, have. Examples: 1. She is singing. 2. They were waiting. 3. I dont sing. 4. She has eaten. 5. We had left before he came in.

MODAL AUXILIARIES (secondary): Shall, should, will, would, may, might, can, could, must, ought, need, dare. Examples: 1. I will come. 2. She can cross the river. 3. We ought to work hard. 4. The actor might come. 5. Could I borrow your book?

PRIMARY AUXILIARIES The Auxiliary Be is used:

1.In the form of the continuous tenses

;as,

I am working in an educational institute. He was writing a letter to his mother. 2. In the form of the passive ; as, The shop is opened by the owner.

PRIMARY AUXILIARIES
The

Auxiliary Have is used :

1. In the form of the perfect tenses ; as, I have finished my assignment on time. He had completed his graduation from our college.

The

Auxiliary do is used:

1. In the form of the simple tenses ; as, I didnt play the match. Doesnt he work here anymore?

MODAL AUXILIARIES

MODAL AUXILIARIES
FUNCTIONS OF MODALS

FUNCTIONS OF MODALS
MAY AND MIGHT ARE USED : TO MAKE REQUESTS: TO GIVE PERMISSION: May I go to the dance party? Yes, you may go. Mr. President, might I come in?(very formal)

TO EXPRESS POSSIBILITY: We might also join you.

WILL IS USED: TO EXPRESS FUTURE TIME REFERENCE: TO EXPRESS DETERMINATION: TO MAKE PROMISES:

We will need the money next month.

I will succeed or die in the attempt.

I will submit the lesson by tomorrow.

TO ISSUE INVITATION: Will you have tea with me?

FUNCTIONS OF MODALS

WOULD IS USED TO : TO EXPRESS REQUEST: TO EXPRESS PAST HABIT: Would you lend me your book? I would sit for hours listening to music.

AS THE PAST EQUIVALENT OF WILL: He said he would carry my bag to school.

SHOULD IS USED TO :

TO GIVE ADVICE: You should help the poor and needy people. TO GIVE INSTRUCTIONS: You should obey the teachers. TO EXPRESS A SUPPOSITION: If he should catch me here, he will tell my parents. AS THE PAST EQUIVALENT OF SHALL: He said he should get a first class.

FUNCTIONS OF MODALS
MUST IS USED TO EXPRESS: DUTY: You must inform your parents. OBLIGATION: I must improve my handwriting. NECESSITY: We must get up early. DETERMINATION: We must do some social work. CERTAINTY: She must have left already.

SHALL IS USED IN THE SECOND OR THIRD PERSON TO EXPRESS:

A COMMAND: He shall not enter my house again. A PROMISE: You shall have a holiday tomorrow. A THREAT: The boy shall be punished for not completing his work in class.

FUNCTIONS OF MODALS
OUGHT TO IS USED TO EXPRESS: MORAL OBLIGATION: We ought to help others. PROBABILITY: Prices ought to come down soon.

NEED IS USED TO EXPRESS: NECESSITY: He need not attend the function. OBLIGATION: I need to reach the venue by two o clock.
DARE IS USED : In negative sentences: I dare not cross his path. In interrogative sentences: How dare they come in my way?