Basic Concepts Dasar Rangkaian Elektronika (DRE)

Basic Concepts
Chapter 1
Ch01_Basic Concepts 2
Chapter 1: Basic Concepts
1. Introduction
2. Systems of Units
3. Charge and Current
4. Voltage
5. Power and Energy
6. Circuit Elements
Introduction
An electric circuit is an interconnection of circuit elements
Complicated Circuits
Electric circuit of a radio receiver.
System of Units
Units in Circuit
Physic Term Unit Symbol
Charge Coulomb C
Voltage Volt() V(v)
Current Ampere() A
Power Watt W
Energy (Work) Joule J
Resistance Ohm( )
Inductance Henry() H
Capacitance Fara() F
Andre-Maria Ampere (1775-1836)
Alessandro Antonio Volta
(1745-1827)
1pA = 10
12
A
1A = 10
6
A
1nA = 10
9
A
Charge and Current
Atoms contain electrons
An electron carries a negative charge of magnitude

The charge is measured in Coulombs (C).

The charges occurring in nature are integral multiples of
the electron charge
The law of conservation of charge: the charge can neither
be created nor destroyed, but only transferred
1e= 1:602 10
19
C
1C has6:24 10
18
electrons
Characteristics of electric charge are:
It is bipolar.
It exists in discrete quantities.
Electrical effects are attributed to both the
separation of charge and charges in motion.
Current
Definition: Electric current is the time rate of
change of charge, measured in amperes and
expressed as
= current in amperes (A),
= charge in coulombs (C)
= time in seconds (s)

So
Also, 1 ampere = 1 coulomb/second
t
q
i
dt
dq
i
A
=
}

=
t
d i t q t t ) ( ) (
Electric current due to flow of electronic charge in a conductor.
Although current is made up of discrete
moving electrons, we consider i to be a
continuous variable as there are so many of
them.
Thus, current is defined as the rate of flow of
positive charge.
A direct current (dc) is a current that remains
constant with time.
An alternating current (ac) is a current that
varies sinusoidally with time.
Two Common types of current:
(a) Direct current (dc).
(b) Alternating current (ac).
Conventional current flow:
(a) Positive current flow,
(b) Negative current flow.
Example 1.1
Each electron has -1.60210
-19
C.

4600 electrons will have

-1.60210
-19
4600 = -7.36910
-16
C
Example 1.2
mA 41 . 31 10 0 2 cos 10 2 sin 5
, 5 . 0 At
mA ) 4 cos 20 4 sin 5 (
mC/s ) 4 sin 5 (
mC 4 sin 5
= + = + =
=
+ =
= =
=
t t t t
t t t
t
t
i
t
t t t
t t
dt
d
dt
dq
i
t t q
Example 1.3
C 5 . 5
2
1
1 ) 2 8 (
2
) 3 (
2
1
2
3
2
1
2
2
1
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
= =
} }
=
t
t
dt t t idt Q
t
Voltage
Definition: The voltage (potential difference)
between two points a and b is the energy (work)
required to move a unit charge from a to b.
= voltage in volts (V),
= energy in joules (J)
= charge in coulombs (C)
1 V=1 Joule/Coulomb.
q
w
v
dq
dw
v
ab

A
=
Polarity of voltage v
ab
.
ba ab
v v =
Two equivalent representations of the same voltage v
ab
:
(a) point a is 9 V above point b,
(b) Point b is -9 V above point a.
Power and Energy
Definition of power: Power is the time rate of
expending or absorbing energy, expressed as:

= power in watts (W),
= energy in joules (J)
= time in seconds (s) t
w
p
dt
dw
p
A
=
Power is associated with the flow of charge:
follows from the definition of voltage and
current

= power in watts (W),
= voltage in volts (V)
= current in amperes (A)
t
v
p
vi
dt
dq
dq
dw
dt
dw
p

=
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
p(t)=v(t)i(t); power is usually time-varying and p(t)
is called the instantaneous power
A large power does not mean a large energy; only
under a large power with a duration a large energy
can be obtained

}

=
t
d p t W t t ) ( ) (
Reference Polarity and Reference
Direction
Polarity reference for voltage (v)
Reference direction for current (i)
Assignment of reference polarity for v and
reference direction for i is entirely arbitrary

Reference polarities for power using the positive sign convention:
(a) absorbing power, (b) supplying power.
Passive Sign Convention
Definition: Whenever the reference direction
for the current in an element is in the direction
of the reference voltage drop across the
element, use a positive sign in any expression
that relates the voltage to the current.
Otherwise, use a negative sign.
Two cases of an element with an absorbing power of 12 W:
(a) P = 43 = 12 W, (b) p = 43 = 12 W.
A positive power p=vi means that the element
is absorbing (consuming) energy; conversely
an element with a negative power means that it
supplies (provides) energy.
Figure 1.10
Two cases of an element with a supplying power of 12 W:
(a) P = 43 = 12 W, (b) p =43 = 12 W.
Power and Energy (II)
Law of conservation of energy: The algebraic
sum of power in a circuit, at any time instant,
must be zero:

Total power supplied to a circuit must balance
the total power absorbed.
0 =
p
Definition of energy: Energy is the capacity to
do work, measured in joules (J).
The energy obtained in the interval [t0, t] is
given by

The electric power utility companies measures
energy in watt-hours (Wh), where:

1Wh = 3600J
dt vi pdt w
t
t
t
t
} }
= =
0 0
1884 Exhibition
Ideal Basic Circuit Element
Attributes:
Has only 2 terminals.
The elements can be divided into the passive
and the active elements
An active element is capable of generating
energy while a passive element is not
Circuit Elements
Three passive circuit elements are considered:
Resistors (R)
Inductors (L)
Capacitors (C)
Two active circuit elements are considered:
Voltage source (V)
Current source (I)

Each source (voltage or current source) is
divided into the independent and the dependent
source.
An independent voltage (current) source is an
active element that provides a specified
voltage (current) which is completely
independent of other circuit variables.
Symbols for independent voltage sources:
(a) used for constant or time-varying voltage,
(b) used for constant voltage (dc).
Symbol for independent current source.
Dependent Sources
A dependent (or controlled) source is an
active element in which the source (voltage or
current) quantity is controlled by another
voltage or current in the circuit.
Symbol for:
(a) dependent voltage source, (b) dependent current source.
Four types of ideal dependent sources:
Voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS)
Current-controlled voltage source (CCVS)
Voltage-controlled current source (VCCS)
Current-controlled current source (CCCS)
The source on the right-hand side is a current-controlled
Voltage source.
Example 1.7
Example 1.7
0 8 48 60 100
W 8 ) 5 2 . 0 ( 8 ) 2 . 0 ( 8
W 48 ) 6 ( 8
W 60 ) 5 ( 12
W 100 ) 5 ( 20
4 3 2 1
4
3
2
1
= + + = + + +
= = =
= =
= =
= =
p p p p
I p
p
p
p
Homework 1: Due Feb 8, 2010
1. Problem 1.7
2. Problem 1.9
3. Problem 1.15
4. Problem 1.18
5. Problem 1.20
6. Problem 1.26
7. Problem 1.35


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