Review of conservation equations

State, Mass and Momentum

Equation of State (EOS-80)
Determines water density from T, S, and P
| | ) , , ( / 1 ) , , ( / 1 ) 0 , , ( ) , , ( P T S P T S K P T S P T S v v = =
2 2 / 3
) 0 , , ( / 1 ) 0 , , ( DS CS BS A T S T S + + + = = v
2 2 / 3 2 / 3
) ( ) ( ) , , ( P NS M P J S IS H GS FS E P T S K + + + + + + + =
A through N are polynomials

T is temperature in
o
C

S salinity

P pressure in bars

K secant bulk modulus measure of compresibility
A B C D
T
0
999.842594 8.24493E-1 -5.72466E-3 4.8314E-4
T
1
6.793952E-2 -4.0899E-3 1.0227E-4
T
2
-9.095290E-3 7.6438E-5 -1.6546E-6
T
3
1.001685E-4 -8.2467E-7
T
4
-1.120083E-6 5.3875E-9
T
5
6.536332E-9
E F G
T
0
19652.21 54.6746 7.944E-2
T
1
148.4206 -0.603459 1.6483E-2
T
2
-2.327105 1.09987E-2 -5.3009E-4
T
3
1.360477E-2 -6.1670E-5
T
4
-5.155288E-5
H I J
T
0
3.239908 2.2838E-3 1.91075E-4
T
1
1.43713E-3 -1.0981E-5
T
2
1.16092E-4 -1.6078E-6
T
3
-5.77905E-7
M N
T
0
8.50935E-5 -9.9348E-7
T
1
-6.12293E-6 2.0816E-8
T
2
5.2787E-8 9.1697E-10
Check values:
489 . 1069 ) 1000 , 5 , 35 (
343 . 1023 ) 0 , 25 , 35 (
=
=

1000 = o
Greater influence of salinity on density
90 % of Ocean Water
Mean T & S for
World Ocean
Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Density
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
T

o
1
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
S

|
1
Thermal Expansion
Saline Contraction
x 10
-4 o
C
-1
x 10
-4
S
-1
Density changes by 0.2 kg/m
3
for a T change of 1
o
C,
and by 0.8 kg/m
3
for a S change of 1.
x
z
y
dy
dz
dx
Flux of mass in (kg/s) = dz dy u Flux of mass out (kg/s) =
dz dy u
( ) dz dy dx u
x

c
c
+
Net Flux of mass in x = ( ) dz dy dx u
x

c
c

Net Flux of mass in y =
( ) dz dy dx v
y

c
c

Net Flux of mass in z =
( ) dz dy dx w
z

c
c

( ) dx u
x
u
c
c
+
, u
, w
, v
u
Mass per area per time
(kg/(m
2
s))
The change of mass per unit time going through the volume element is:
And the change of mass per unit time per unit volume is:
| | dz dy dx
t t
M

c
c
=
c
c

| | ( ) ( ) ( ) dz dy dx w
z
v
y
u
x
dz dy dx
t

(

c
c

c
c

c
c
=
c
c

( ) ( ) ( ) 0 =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
w
z
v
y
u
x t

which is the same as:

0 =
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z
w
y
v
x
u
z
w
y
v
x
u
t


0
1
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
z
w
y
v
x
u
Dt
D

or
This is the Continuity Equation or Equation of Conservation of Mass
How valid is the Boussinesq approximation in the OCEAN?

How would you determine that?
1 sigma-t throughout one day
= 1 / (24*3600.) = 1.1510
-5

0
1
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
z
w
y
v
x
u
Dt
D

0 ~
Dt
D
Taking

Boussinesq approximation
0 =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z
w
y
v
x
u
=
c
c
x
u
] O[10
km 100
m/s 0.1
6 -
=
=
Dt
D
| |
8
10 O
1

=
Dt
D

But
Continuity Equation in Bulk Form: | u + + = + + +
b 0
V E V P R
z
x
Conservation of Salt:
y diffusivit =
Dt
DS
(

c
c
c
c
+
(

c
c
c
c
+
(

c
c
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z
S
z
K
z y
S
y
K
y x
S
x
K
x z
S
w
y
S
v
x
S
u
t
S
Conservation of Heat:
(

c
c
c
c
+
(

c
c
c
c
+
(

c
c
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z
T
z
z y
T
y
y x
T
x
x z
T
w
y
T
v
x
T
u
t
T
k k k
Equation of State:
( ) S p T S | + ~ = 1 1000 ] , , [
Continuity Equation in Bulk Form: | u + + = + + +
b 0
V E V P R
S
b

S
0

Salt Conservation Equation in Bulk Form: V
b
S
b
=

V
0
S
0
z
x
Conservation of Momentum (Equations of Motion)

= F a m

=
m
F
a

(
(
(
(
(
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= =
z
w
w
y
w
v
x
w
u
t
w
z
v
w
y
v
v
x
v
u
t
v
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
t
u
dt
V d
a

=
m
F

Pressure gradient + friction + tides + gravity + Coriolis

Pressure gradient: Barotropic and Baroclinic

Friction: Surface, bottom, internal

Tides: Boundary condition

Gravity: Only in the vertical

Coriolis: Only in the horizontal
REMEMBER, these are FORCES PER UNIT MASS
=
m
F

Pressure gradient + friction + tides + gravity + Coriolis

Pressure gradient: Barotropic and Baroclinic

Friction: Surface, bottom, internal

Tides: Boundary condition

Gravity: Only in the vertical

Coriolis: Only in the horizontal
REMEMBER, these are FORCES PER UNIT MASS
}
=
q

z
h
dz g P
Hydrostatic Pressure
Pressure gradient force per unit mass
x
P
c
c

1
dz g P P
z
a
}
=
q
Total Pressure
(
(

c
c

c
c

c
c
= dz
x
g
x
g
x
P
z
a
q
q

1
Note that even if the density is constant with depth, the horizontal pressure gradient
increases with depth if there is a horizontal density gradient
Barometric Barotropic Baroclinic
=
m
F

Pressure gradient + friction + tides + gravity + Coriolis

Pressure gradient: Barotropic and Baroclinic

Friction: Surface, bottom, internal

Tides: Boundary condition

Gravity: Only in the vertical

Coriolis: Only in the horizontal
REMEMBER, these are FORCES PER UNIT MASS
Friction
(

c
c
c
c
+
(

c
c
c
c
+
(

c
c
c
c
z
u
A
z y
u
A
y x
u
A
x
z y x
@ surface:

t
W W C
z
u
A
x d a
s
z

= =
c
c
@ bottom: V C r ru V u C
V u C
z
u
A
b b
b
b
z

~ ~ = = =
c
c
;

t
@ interior:
| |
2 2
; ?
(

c
c
+
(

c
c
c
c

= ~ =
c
c
z
v
z
u
z
g
Ri Ri f
z
u
A
z

=
m
F

Pressure gradient + friction + tides + gravity + Coriolis

Pressure gradient: Barotropic and Baroclinic

Friction: Surface, bottom, internal

Tides: Boundary condition

Gravity: Only in the vertical

Coriolis: Only in the horizontal
REMEMBER, these are FORCES PER UNIT MASS
Gravity
[0, 0, g] = [0, 0, 9.81]
Coriolis
[-fv, fu, 0]
h
f
24
2
sin 2
t

= O
O =

= F a m

g
z
P
z
v
A
z y
v
A
y x
v
A
x
dz
y
g
y
g fu
z
v
w
y
v
v
x
v
u
t
v
z
u
A
z y
u
A
y x
u
A
x
dz
x
g
x
g fv
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
t
u
z
z y x
z
z y x
+
c
c
=
(

c
c
c
c
+
(

c
c
c
c
+
(

c
c
c
c
+
c
c

c
c
= +
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
(

c
c
c
c
+
(

c
c
c
c
+
(

c
c
c
c
+
c
c

c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
}
}

q
q
q
1
0
0 =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z
w
y
v
x
u
(

c
c
c
c
+
(

c
c
c
c
+
(

c
c
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z
S
z
K
z y
S
y
K
y x
S
x
K
x z
S
w
y
S
v
x
S
u
t
S
(

c
c
c
c
+
(

c
c
c
c
+
(

c
c
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z
T
z
z y
T
y
y x
T
x
x z
T
w
y
T
v
x
T
u
t
T
k k k
( ) S S p T S
t
| o | 1000 ; 1 1000 ] , , [ = + ~ =