VIBRATION

Introduction

Vibration occurs in rotating or moving body Bodies having mass and elasticity produce vibration What is vibration? Assume a simple pendulum when pendulum lift up work is done on the elasticity of material, which is converted as strain energy (elastic energy) and stored in the body. This force bring the body to equilibrium position and the strain energy converts into kinetic energy which makes the body to move across equilibrium position. Again this kinetic energy is converted into strain energy and process continues until friction restrict the motion. Thus any motion which repeats itself after an interval of time is called vibration or oscillation
Amplitude Mean position Vibration

Causes and effects of vibration

Causes of vibration
Unbalanced forces Elastic nature Self excitation External excitation Earthquakes

Effects
Unwanted noise High stress Wear Poor reliability Failure of parts

Uses
Musical instruments Vibrating conveyers Vibrating screens Shakers

Terminology used in vibratory motion

Periodic motion :- A motion which repeats itself after equal intervals of time Time period :- It is the time taken by a motion to repeat itself. it is also called period of vibration Cycle :- It is the motion completed during one time period Frequency :- It is the number of cycles completed in one second.It is expressed in hertz(1cycle/second) Natural frequency :- Frequency of free vibration of the system Amplitude:- The maximum displacement of a vibrating body from mean position Resonance:- The amplitude becomes very large when external frequency becomes equal to natural frequency Damping:- It is the resistance to the motion of a vibrating body Degree of freedom:- The minimum number of independent coordinates required to specify the motion of a system at any instant is known as degree of freedom of the system. Simple harmonic motion:- The motion of a body to and fro about a fixed point is called SHM. E.g.:- Motion of a simple pendulum

TYPES OF VIBRATIONS

Free (Natural vibration)

Forced vibration

Damped vibration

Longitudinal vibration

Transverse vibration

Torsional vibration

Free (Natural vibration):- If the periodic motion continues after the cause of original disturbance is removed then it is called free vibration E.g.:- simple pendulum Forced vibrations:- When the body vibrates under influence of external force, then the body is said to be under forced vibrations E.g. Machine tools, electric bells, vibratory conveyors Damped vibration:- When there is a reduction of amplitude over every cycle of vibration, the motion is called damped vibration. If there is a damper, the motion of the system will be opposed by it and the energy of the system will be dissipated in friction. Un damped vibration:- system having no Damper

TYPES OF FREE VIBRATION

Longitudinal vibrations:- When the particles of the shaft or discs moves parallel to the axis of the shaft, then the vibrations are known as longitudinal vibrations

DEGREES OF FREEDOM Zero degree of freedom:-When a body is at rest, then no co-ordinates

are required to define its motion. so body have single degree of freedom

Single degree of freedom:-Here each body moves along a

particular direction (or) along particular coordinates

Two degrees of freedom

Here the following is defined using two coordinates. so it have two degrees of freedom.

Multi-Degrees of freedom:-Here the body is

defined by using more than two co-ordinates or directions. so this have multiple degrees of freedom

FREE LONGITUDINAL VIBRATION

Natural frequency (Free longitudinal vibration):To avoid resonance the knowledge of natural frequency is required Natural frequency by three methods

1.

Equilibrium method (Newtons Method) Energy method Rayleighs method

2.

3.

Springs in series

Total deflection of the assembly is equal to the algebraic sum of the deflections of two springs i.e., = 1+ 2

Springs in parallel

DAMPING

Damping is defined as the resistance offered by a body to the motion of the vibratory system. Device used called Dampers. The vibration called damped vibration Advantages of damping no resonance due to control of amplitude

Types of Damping Viscous damping

Damping provided by fluid resistance called viscous damping amount of damping resistance depend on relative velocity Differential equation is linear

Coulomb or dry friction damping Results from two dry or un lubricated surfaces rubbing together Differential equation is non linear

solid or structural damping

Occurs due to internal friction stress strain diagram forms hysteresis loop

Slip or interfacial damping

Logarithmic decrement

It is defined as the natural logarithm of the amplitude reduction factor Amplitude reduction factor is the ratio of two consecutive amplitudes on the same side of the mean position