Carlos Chvez Goyeneche Daniel Parra Bernal Johan Sandoval Riao

Permanent

Magnet Material: designated as a magnetically hard material, has a coercive force generally greater than 120 Oe. Individual Magnet: The term individual magnet denotes a magnet purchased in a size and shape to be ready for direct incorporation into a magnetic circuit.

 Demagnetized

Magnet: For the purposes of this standard, a magnet shall be considered demagnetized if, when any of its poles is dipped in soft iron powder (of 5 - 10 mesh), not more than 3 particles of powder adhere to it anywhere upon withdrawal. Magnetism: Magnetism is a property of materials that respond to an applied magnetic field. Permanent magnets have persistent magnetic fields caused by ferromagnetism.

Alnico Ceramic Rare-Earth Iron-Chromium-Cobalt

Lack Ductility

Inherently Brittle

Hardness

Tensile Strength

 Dimensions and tolerances shall be as specified on the magnet drawing Normally the magnet user furnishes a drawing to the manufacturer showing all dimensions and tolerances The standard for drawing, drawing notation and tolerancing is that established in ANSI Y 14.5.

Most manufacturers use statistical process control to monitor key parameters at each process step.

Tolerances
5% Residual Flux Density 8% Coercive Force

Alnico magnets are made from an alloy of Aluminum, Nickel and Cobalt, hence the name. In addition to the above three, there can also be other metals added to the composition at times like Titanium and Copper. By varying the composition it is possible to tailor the magnetic properties to meet the needs of a wide variety of user ended applications.

Alnico magnets are manufactured by using primarily two processes: Cast alnico magnets that are made by pouring melted alnico into a mold. The solidified material is rough ground and then heat treated and cooled. The material is either anisotropic (treated in a magnetic field) or isotropic (treated outside a magnetic field). After treatment the material is ground to specific tolerances and magnetized.

 Sintered

alnico magnets are made from a powdered mixture of ingredients that are pressed into a die under tons of pressure. They are then sintered in a hydrogen atmosphere and cooled in an anisotropic or isotropic environment.

 Alnico

magnets have several attributes that make them highly desirable materials for industrial use. Developed in the 1940s, the Alnico magnets continue to be the desired choice of material for many applications. The exceptional linear temperature characteristics exhibited by alnico magnets along with high magnetic flux density and good corrosion resistance are ideally suited for use in products of all sizes and shapes. Alnico magnets display the following unique properties:

 They

exhibit small changes in magnetic properties to temperature effects. Maximum working temperatures can be as high as 450-5500 C. Have low coercive force. Strong corrosion resistance. No coating needed for surface protection.

 Alnico

magnets are commonly used in applications such as instruments and meters that require very stable temperature properties. Electronic ignition systems, generators, vending machines, hand tools, magnetic reed switches, volt-amp meters and medical instruments are some of the commonly used applications of alnico magnets.

Other applications include: Sintered alnico magnets are used in the buzzers of mobile phones, hearing aids and mini speakers. In the automotive industry, alnico magnets are used in the lighters and odometers of automobiles and motorcycles. Alnico magnets are also widely applied in high stability fields like aviation, military technology and space flights. They are important components of inner magnetic voltmeter / ammeter, electronic type power energy measuring instrument, avometers and flow meters. Alnico magnets are also used in a wide range of magnetic sensors, polarized relays, and temperature and pressure controllers.

 The

general formula MO56Fe2O3 describes the chemical composition of ferrite (ceramic) permanent magnets, where M generally represents barium or strontium or any combination of the two.

http://www.centromagnetico.com/catal ogo/imanes/ceramica.html

 Ceramic

magnets are generally formed by a compression or extrusion molding. Magnetic performance can be increased in a preferred direction by applying a magnetic field in that direction during the molding process.

 Ceramic

magnets are used for their magnetic capability, not for their mechanical properties. It is recommended that they not be used for structural purposes since they are low in tensile and flexural strength.

http://ciudaddepuebla.olx.com.mx/perfil -de-aluminio-estructural-ranurado-moascompatible-con-ips-item-mk-iid-98398232

 Imperfections

such as cracks, porosity, voids, surface finish, etc., all of the type commonly found in sintered ceramic magnets. shall not constitute reason for rejection

 CHEMICAL

COMPOSITION
These alloys are usually binary or ternary alloys with the approximate atomic ratio of one rare earth atom to five cobalt atoms

Rare-Earth Cobalt 5

Rare-Earth 2 Transition Element 17

Rare Earth Iron Alloys

These alloys are an age hardening type with a composition ratio of 2 rare earth atoms to 13-17 atoms of transition metals

These alloys have a composition of two rare earth atoms to 14 iron atoms with one boron atom

 MANUFACTURING

METHODS

The rare earth magnet alloys are usually formed by powder metallurgical processes

The magnetic performance of all grades is optimized by applying a magnetic field

These alloys are primarily of the IronChromium-Cobalt composition. Some grades may also contain additions of vanadium, silicon, titanium, zirconium, manganese, molybdenum or aluminum.

The Iron-Chromium-Cobalt alloys are formed either by casting to size or by casting in the form of an ingot which is then rolled and/or drawn either to final shape or to form which can then be cut. Heat treatment is essential to develop the magnetic properties. The magnetic properties can be increased in a preferred direction by applying a magnetic field during heat treatment. Although this alloy is hard and brittle in its fully heat treated condition, it is sufficiently ductile to be rolled, drawn, machined, turned or threaded prior to its final heat treatment.

Iron chromium Cobalt (FeCrCo) magnets are similar to Alnico magnets in magnetic property, but they have better mechanical property. FeCrCo alloys can be easily hot deformed and machined. There are practically no limitations of their shapes and sizes. They can be made to block, square rods, round rods, tube, strips, wire. FeCrCo magnets are beneficial combination of magnets and mechanical properties. Their maximum working trmperature can be as high as 400C.

FeCrCo magnets are widely used in aviation, automobile instrument, compass, oil exploration, hydraulic gauge, computerembroidering machine, signal generator, counter, hearing aid, medical machine, guard against theft, alarm system, etc.

 http://www.smma.org/PDFs/0100-00.pdf
http://rdu.unc.edu.ar/bitstream/handle/UN

C/49/15842.pdf?sequence=1