Passive

with exercises

to je uope pasiv?

Pasiv nije glagolsko vrijeme (tense), nego nain (voice). Reenice koje sadre objekt (direktni i/ili indirektni) mogu biti u aktivu (active voice) ili u pasivu (passive voice). Kod transformacije aktivne u pasivnu reenicu ne smijemo promijeniti glagolsko vrijeme!

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Zato uope trebamo pasiv?

U engleskom jeziku, vie nego u hrvatskom jeziku, pasivne reenice su esta pojava. U puno sluajeva vjerojatno niste niti svjesni da ste upotrijebili pasivnu reenicu. Koristei pasivne reenice pomiemo naglasak s osobe koja vri radnju (subjekt reenice) na samu radnju, npr.

I made some mistakes. Mistakes were made.

Postoji jo niz situacija kada emo rae odabrati pasiv, ali o tome neto kasnije

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to sve trebam znati kako bih napravio pasivnu reenicu?

Prije nego to se detaljnije pozabavimo glagolima u pasivu, podsjetimo se osnova gramatike potrebnih za transformaciju aktivnih reenica u pasivne.

Kako bismo pravilno stvorili pasivnu reenicu (ili obrnuto) nuno je poznavati dijelove reenice:
SUBJEKT: vritelj radnje PREDIKAT: glagol OBJEKT: PRILONE OZNAKE:

People have seen wolves in the street. People have seen wolves in the street. People have seen wolves in the street. People have seen wolves in the street.

Ovo nisu svi dijelovi reenice, ali su nama za pasiv najpotrebniji. Takoer moramo poznavati i razlikovati glagolska vremena kao i nepravilne glagole.

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Tvorba pasivnih reenica

Objekt aktivne reenice postaje subjekt pasivne reenice. Subjekt aktivne reenice se u velikoj veini sluajeva ne mora posebno izricati. Ukoliko ga elimo ili moramo izrei, koristimo by frazu i stavljamo ju na kraj reenice.

[My grandfather]S planted [this tree]O. [This tree] S was planted by my gradnfather.

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to uiniti s glagolom?
Podsjetimo jo jednom: u tvorbi pasiva ne mijenjamo glagolsko vrijeme, nego samo nain!

Za tvorbu pasiva nam je potrebano:

- glagol biti (to be) u glagolskom vremenu izvorne aktivne reenice; npr. ako je aktivna u Present Perfect Simple, glagol biti takoer moramo staviti u to glagolsko vrijeme (have been)

- past particip (past participle) glavnoga glagola

Dakle, pravilo za tvornu pasiva je:

to be + past participle of the main verb

Pogledajmo to na primjeru.

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Glagol u pasivu 1. korak

Ponovimo jo jednom pravilo:

to be + past participle of the main verb Aktivna reenica:

We keep the butter here.

to initi?
1. Pronaimo subjekt i objekt aktivne reenice.

[We] keep [the butter] here.

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Glagol u pasivu 2. korak

Aktivna reenica:

[We] keep [the butter] here.

2. Objekt aktivne reenice postavimo kao subjekt pasivne reenice.

The butter ...

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Glagol u pasivu 3. korak

The butter

3. Odredimo glagolsko vrijeme u aktivnoj reenici: Present Simple. Slijedite pravilo: glagol to be moramo staviti u Present Simple, dakle am, is ili are (ovisno o licu). Glagol keep je glavni glagol i njega stavljamo u past participle, dakle kept. U reenici to izgleda ovako:

The butter is kept here.

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Glagol u pasivu 4. korak

4. Ostatak reenice (prilonu oznaku) smo prepisali, a subjekt glavne reenice u ovom sluaju nismo ukljuili.

Aktivna reenica:

We keep the butter here.

Pasivna reenica: The butter is kept here.
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Jo nekoliko primjera za present simple:

A: [We]S wash [our car] O every weekend.

P: [Our car] S is washed every weekend.

A: [They] S repair [the bridge]O every two years. P: [The bridge] S is repaired every two years.

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Ostala SIMPLE glagolska vremena

Podsjetimo na pravilo:

to be + V-ed (past participle)

Past Simple They broke the window. The window was broken.

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Ostala SIMPLE glagolska vremena

Podsjetimo na pravilo:

to be + V-ed (past participle) Present Perfect Simple

I have sold our old house.

Our old house has been sold.

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Ostala SIMPLE glagolska vremena

Podsjetimo na pravilo:

to be + V-ed (past participle) Past Perfect Simple

They hadnt collected the rubbish.

The rubbish hadnt been collected.

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Ostala SIMPLE glagolska vremena

Podsjetimo na pravilo:

to be + V-ed (past participle) Future Simple

They will meet you at the station.

You will be met at the station.

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Continuous glagolska vremena

Continuous glagolska vremena tvore pasiv na isti nain, iako se continuous oblici za glagol to be inae ne koriste esto: to be + V-ed (past participle)

Present Continuous
They are repairing the bridge. The bridge is being repaired.

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Continuous glagolska vremena

Past Continuous
They were carrying the injured player off the field. The injured player was being carried off the field.

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Continuous glagolska vremena

Ostala continuous glagolska vremena se gramatiki mogu pretvoriti u pasiv, ali se izuzetno rijetko zaista i koriste. Pogledajte zato: They will be repairing the road. The road will be being repaired.

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Modalni glagoli

Modalni glagoli (modal auxiliary verbs) su: can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, would; need, dare, used to Takoer mogu tvoriti pasiv i to koristei pasivni infinitiv:
(present infinitive) to keep > to be kept (perfect infinitive) to have told > to have been told

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Modalni glagoli

Napomena: modalni glagoli uz sebe veu infinitiv bez to

You must/should shut these doors.

These doors must/should be shut.

They should/ought to have told him.

He should/ought to have been told.

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Za one koji vole tablice...

TENSE/VERB FORM ACTIVE keeps is keeping kept was keeping has kept had kept will keep PASSIVE is/are kept is/are being kept was/were kept was/were being kept has/have been kept had been kept will be kept

Present Simple Present Continuous Past Simple Past Continuous Present Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple Future Simple

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Pasiv u koracima - skraceno

1. Odrediti S, V, O

2. O(A) S(P)
3. S(A) by(P)

4. V(A) V(P) (panja: LICA)

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Objekt i pasivne reenice

Samo glagoli koji imaju objekt mogu imati pasivni oblik: [John] S swimms [every day]A. - no O, no passive!

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Glagoli s dva objekta

Neki glagoli mogu uz sebe imati dva objekta, direktni i indirektni (Od i Oi). Bilo koji od ta dva objekta moe biti subjekt pasiva.

[They] offered [us] Oi[a new flat]Od. Oi: [We] Swere offered a new flat. Od: [A new flat] Swas offered to us.
Kada indirektni objekt postaje subjekt pasivne reenice, mora biti u nominativu:

Ill send her the books. She will be sent the books.

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I jo o objektima

Cijeli objekt postaje subjekt pasivne reenice, bez obzira koliko dugaak bio:

He frightened [the pretty girl standing in the dark corner]. [The pretty girl standing in the dark corner] was frightened.

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Upotreba pasiva

Kada nije potrebno spominjati vritelja radnje (agent), jer je jasno iz konteksta tko ju vri:

The streets are swept every day. Your hand will be X-rayed.
Kada ne znamo, ne znamo tono ili smo zaboravili tko vri radnju:

The minister was murdered. My car has been moved!

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Upotreba pasiva Ako je subjekt aktivne reenice openit, npr. people, one: He is suspected of receiving stolen goods. This sort of advertisement is seen everywhere.

Kada nas vie zanima radnja, nego onaj tko ju vri:

The house next door has been bought (by a Mr Jones).

A new public library is being built (by our local council).

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Upotreba pasiva

Ponekad se koristi iz psiholokih razloga, kako bi se ogradili od odgovornosti prilikom priopavanja neugodnih vijesti:

Overtime rates are being reduced/will have to be reduced. This letter has been opened! (Tom suspects Bill, but wishes to avoid giving the name)
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Navoenje vritelja radnje

Ako ipak elimo ili zbog smisla reenice moramo navesti vritelja radnje, koristimo by + akuzativ (zamjenice): He was brought up by his (her) aunt.

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Instrument

Ako elimo spomenuti instrument koriten za vrenje radnje koristimo with:

He was killed with a knife.

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Negacije u pasivnim reenicama

Usporedite sljedee reenice:

You cant do anything. > Nothing can be done.

We are not doing enough. > Not enough is being done. > It is not being done enough. Nobody has seen him.> He hasnt been seen.

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Upitne reenice
Upitne reenice moraju ostati upitne i u pasivu:

Did you write that note on the fridge? > Was that note on the fridge written by you?

Has he posted my letters? > Have my letters been posted?

Are they producing ZXM in Spain? >

Is ZXM being produced in Spain?

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Exercises
Our company builds roads/one road every year. Roads are built every year by our company.

One road is built every year by our company.

Our company is building two roads/a hotel. Our company built a hotel/4 hotels last year. Our company was building a hotel/five hotels. Our company has built a hotel/five hotels so far. Our company had built a hotel/five hotels before 1986. Our company will build a hotel next year. Our company could build a hotel. Our company must build five office buildings for a foreign customer.

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