Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Shotcrete
Shotcrete
Shotcrete: Definition
Concrete or mortar that is placed and compacted by projecting it pneumatically at high velocity onto a surface.
Wet-mix shotcrete: All major ingredients are mixed before introduction in the hose. Compressed air is introduced to the material at the nozzle. If an accelerator is used, it is normally added at the nozzle. Dry-mix shotcrete: mixing water is added at the nozzle to dry pre-mix
Thomas
Dry-Mix or Wet-Mix ?
Important factors Equipment cost Control of water Productivity Dry-mix Lower Variable at nozzle Lower Wet-mix Higher Fixed in mix Better (in automatic systems) Lower Problematic Better (less dust) Limited (loss of fluidity) Difficult Lower
Shotcrete: Components
Differences between shotcrete and a normal concrete mix Shotcrete usually has: Higher water/cement ratio Higher sand content Smaller maximum aggregate size (10 or 12 mm) Accelerator to speed up the hydration reactions Plasticizers, stabilizers and mineral admixtures High early age (e.g., 1 day) strength
Thomas
Shotcrete: Components
Cement (350-400 kg/m3) Aggregate Silica fume (for cohesion) Superplasticizer (in wet-mix process) Viscosity-enhancing agent (in wet-mix process, to reduce rebound) Accelerator
Shotcrete: Placing
Quality of placed shotcrete depends on the skill and experience of nozzleman Rebound occurs when aggregates and cement paste ricochet off the hard surface on contact. Depends on: Mix composition Surface regularity and inclination Velocity and distance of nozzle from surface Deviation of projection angle from 90
Shotcrete: Placing
Thomas
Fibres used:
Steel Polymeric Glass (in spray-up process used for the manufacture of lightweight cladding panels)
Applications: Scope
Shotcrete can lead to cost savings:
Where formwork is impractical, or can be reduced or eliminated
Thomas
Excavation methods
Applications: Canals
City of Arts and Sciences, Valencia (Spain) White fiberreinforced shotcrete 5 cm thick shell
Applications: Repair
Applications: Repair
Repair of ship berth, Port of Saint John, Canada (1986-95)
Deteriorated face of berth Prepared surface Shotcreting from barge
References
American Concrete Institute Committee 506 Reports Fiber-Reinforced Cement Composites, P.N.Balaguru & S.P.Shah, McGraw Hill, New York, 1992 Sprayed Concrete Lined Tunnels, A. Thomas, Taylor & Francis, London, 2009 ACI Materials Journal Concrete International Journal, ACI