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Bio Statistics
Bio Statistics
Statistical analysis is needed to draw a valid and unbiased conclusion. Mainly five statistical tests are there in biology. Three tests for analysis concerned with differences and two for analysis concerned with associations.
Differences-
Students T Test Mann Whitney U test Wilcoxon matched pairs test (W Test)
Summary
Chi-squared test- used to determine whether the difference between the observed number and the expected number is statistically significant or not. If the chi-square value is greater than the critical value at 5% significant level then reject the null hypothesis
Spearmans rank correlation co-efficient- used to determine if there is any correlation between dependant and independent variable.
If the calculated value is greater than the critical value at 5% significant level, then reject the null hypothesis
T test- used to determine whether the difference in the mean values for 2 sets of data measuring the same variable is significant or not. If the calculated t value is greater than the critical value at 5% significant level, then reject the null hypothesis. The difference between the two means are statistically significant. Utest- used to determine whether the difference in the median values for 2 sets of data measuring the same variable is significant or not.. From the two U values, if the smallest U value is less than the critical value at 5% significant level, reject the null hypothesis. There is a significant difference between the median values. W test- used to determine whether the difference for 2 sets of data measuring the same variable is significant or not. From the two W values, if the smallest W value is less than the critical value at 5% significant level, reject the null hypothesis. There is a significant difference.
where
O = observed data in each category E = observed data in each category based on the experimenters hypothesis S = Sum of the calculations for each category
c2 = S
(O E)2
E
The outcome
F1 generation
All offspring have straight wings and gray bodies
F2 generation
193 straight wings, gray bodies 69 straight wings, ebony bodies 64 curved wings, gray bodies 26 curved wings, ebony bodies 352 total flies
Step 2: Calculate the expected values of the four phenotypes, based on the hypothesis According to our hypothesis, there should be a 9:3:3:1 ratio on the F2 generation
Phenotype Expected probability
9/16
Expected number
Observed number
straight wings, gray bodies straight wings, ebony bodies curved wings, gray bodies curved wings, ebony bodies
193 64 62 24
3/16
3/16 X 352 = 66
3/16
3/16 X 352 = 66
1/16
1/16 X 352 = 22
c2 =
(O1 E1)2
(O2 E2)2
(O3 E3)2
(O4 E4)2
E1
E2
E3
E4
(69 66)2 66
(64 66)2 66
c2 = 1.06
Step 4: Interpret the chi square value The calculated chi square value can be used to obtain probabilities, or P values, from a chi square table
These probabilities allow us to determine the likelihood that the observed deviations are due to random chance alone
If the chi square value results in a probability that is less than 0.05 (ie: less than 5%) it is considered statistically significant The hypothesis is rejected
Before we can use the chi square table, we have to determine the degrees of freedom (df) The df is a measure of the number of categories that are independent of each other If you know the 3 of the 4 categories you can deduce the 4th (total number of progeny categories 1-3) df = n 1 where n = total number of categories In our experiment, there are four phenotypes/categories Therefore, df = 4 1 = 3
It can be used to determine whether there is significant association between two measured variables.
Compare calculated value with the critical value at the 5% significant level
If the calculated correlation coefficient is greater than the critical value, at 5% then reject the null hypothesis
Israel
U.A.E. Netherlands
15940
18220 24760
96
74.3 100
First, construct a null hypothesis (Ho) that there is no relationship between GNP per capita and % adult literacy. Remember, Spearmans Rank can only be used with ordinal data.
Rs = 0.733
Null hypothesis (Ho) was that there was no relationship between GNP per capita and % adult literacy. The degrees of freedom are (n 1). So df = 9. Spearmans Rank correlation coefficient (Rs) result of 0.733 exceeds the 95% probability value of 0.60 at 9 degrees of freedom. Therefore the Ho must be rejected and replaced by the alternative hypothesis (H1) that there is a relationship between GNP per capita and % adult literacy.