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Shear Wall Frame ACECOMS AIT Thailand
Shear Wall Frame ACECOMS AIT Thailand
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
n
i
i i
i
n
i
i
n
i
i
i i i
v A V
x F M
F P
f A F
1
1
1
f1
f2
f3
f4
f5
C
T
1
x
x1
t
V
P
M
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
I nteraction Curves - Uniaxial
The curve is generated by varying
the neutral axis depth
(
+ =
(
+ =
} }
}
=
=
zi
N
i
si
z A
c ny
N
i
si
A
c nx
d A f dz da f M
A f da f N
si
b
si
b
1
1
. ) (
) (
c |
c |
Safe
Un-safe
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
I nteraction Surface - Biaxial
The surface is
generated by
changing Angle and
Depth of Neutral Axis
+ M
z
- M
y
+P
+ M
y
- M
z
P
u
A cross-section of
i nteracti on surface at P
u
Safe
Un-safe
( )
( )
( )
(
(
+ =
(
(
+ =
(
(
+ =
} }
} }
} }
=
=
=
... ) , (
1
... . ,
1
... ) , (
1
... . ,
1
... ) , (
1
... ,
1
1 2 1
3
1 2 1
2
1 2 1
1
i
n
i
i i
x y
y
i
n
i
i i
x y
x
x y
n
i
i i z
x y x A x dy dx y x M
y y x A y dy dx y x M
y x A dy dx y x N
o
|
o
|
o
|
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
I nteraction Surface and Curves
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Narrow Planner Walls
The capacity is almost completely un-
axial
Moment capacity can be increased by
providing Rebars at the corners
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Cellular Wall No Opening
The capacity is
almost completely
biaxial
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Single Cell Walls
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Double Cell Walls
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Designing as Axial Zones
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Axial Zone Model Planer Wall
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Axial Zones for Box Wall
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Shear Design
Spandrel
Pier
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Shear Design of Pier
Determine Concrete shear
capacity, Vc
Check if Vc exceeds the limit, if
it does, section needs to be
revised
Determine steel Rebars for
Vs=V-Vc
Check additional steel for
seismic requirements
p
L
p
t
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
ACI Equations for Pier Design
( )
( )
p
p u
p p c LW c
L
L . P
L . t f R . V
4
8 0
8 0 3 3 ' =
( )
p p
p
u
u
p p
u
c LW p
c LW c
L . t
L
V
M
Abs
t L
P
. f R . L
f R . V 8 0
2
2 0 25 1
6 0
(
(
(
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
'
+ ' s
( )
( )
p ys
c
u
v
L . f
V
V Abs
A
8 0
=
|
( )
( )
p p c LW
u
L . t f R
V Abs
8 0 10 ' s
|
Basic Concrete Shear Capacity
Concrete not to Exceed the limit
Area of Steel Computed as
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Shear Design for Spandrel
top r
d
bot r
d
a
c
s
h
s
t
s
h
s
L
Elevation
Section
Determine Concrete shear
capacity, Vc
Check if Vc exceeds the limit, if
it does, section needs to be
revised
Determine steel Rebars for
Vs=V-Vc
Check additional steel for
seismic requirements
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
ACI Equations for Spandrel Design
s s c LW c
d t f R V
'
= 2
c
u
c n s
V
V
V V V = =
|
s s c LW s
d t f R V ' s8
s ys
s
v
d f
V
A =
Basic Concrete Shear Capacity
Concrete not to Exceed the limit
Area of Steel Computed as
Check for minimum steel and spacing etc.
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
ACI Equations for Spandrel Design
5 >
s
s
d
L
When
and
c
u
V .
V
5 0 >
|
0
50
=
=
min h
ys
s
min v
A
f
t
A
When
5 >
s
s
d
L
and c
u
V .
V
5 0 s
|
0 = =
min h min v
A A
When
5 2 s s
s
s
d
L
Check
s s c LW
s
s u
d t f R
d
L V
'
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ s 10
3
2
|
s min h
s min v
t . A
t . A
0025 0
0015 0
=
=
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Notations for Shear Design
top r
d
bot r
d
s
h
s
t
= Thickness of Spandrel
= Distance from top of spandrel to the centroid of top reinforcing
= Distance from bottom of spandrel to the centroid of bottom reinforcing
= Total depth of spandrel
LW
R
= Shear reduction factor as specified in the concrete material properties for light
weight concrete.
s
d
= Effective depth of spandrel
s
V
= Portion of Shear force in spandrel carried by reinforcing steel
c
V
= Portion of Shear force in spandrel carried by concrete
s
L = Length of Spandrel
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Wall Section
Place more reinforcement at the ends and distribute the remaining in the
middle portion
Confine the Rebars at the end for improved ductility and increased
moment capacity
Option -1
Option -2
Option -3
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Effect of Rebar Layout
Moment Capacity for 1% Rebars
a) Uniform Distribution
b) Concentrated Bars
Max M= 380
Max M= 475
Nearly 25% increase for same steel
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Wall Section
Place more reinforcement at
the corners and distribute
the remaining in the middle
portion
Confine the Rebars at the
corners for improved
ductility and increased
moment capacity
Provide U-Bars at the
corners for easier
construction and improved
laps
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Effect of Rebar Layout
Moment Capacity for 1% Rebars
a) Uniform Distribution
b) Concentrated Bars
Nearly 20% increase for same steel
Max M= 16500
Max M= 19600
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Rebar Detailing For Openings
Slenderness
of Columns
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Complexity in the Column Design
Shape
Loading
Length
V
.
L
o
n
g
L
o
n
g
S
h
o
r
t
P
P M
x
P M
x
M
y
Most Simple
Problem
Shape
Complexity
Load Complexity
Slenderness
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
What is Slenderness Effect
I
II
Column Capacity (P-M)
M
P
Moment
Amplification
Capacity
Reduction
II : M
c
= P(e + A)
Long Column
P
e
A = f(M
c
)
C
I. M
c
= P.e
Short Column
P
e
C
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Factors Effecting Slenderness Effect
Effective Length
Actual Length
End Framing and Boundary Conditions
Lateral Bracing Conditions
Effective Stiffness
Cross-sections Dimensions and Proportions
Reinforcement amount and Distribution
Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete and Steel
Creep and Sustained Loads
Loads
Axial Load
End Moments and Moments along the Length
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
s s ns ns m
M M M o o + =
1
75 . 0
1
1
)
5 . 1
0 . 1
1
1
)
0
>
=
>
>
A
=
c
u
s
s
c u
u
s
P
P
b
then If
l V
P
a
o
o
o
C
u
m
ns
P
P
C
75 . 0
1
= o
Larger Sway Moment
Larger Non- Sway Moment
Final
Design
Moment
ACI Moment Magnification Summary
2
2
) (
) (
U
C
Kl
EI
P
t
= 4 . 0
2
1
4 . 0 6 . 0 > + =
M
M
C
m
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
What is Sway
Sway is dependent upon the structural configuration
as well as type of loading
For Non-sway Frames (Very rigid or braced)
For Sway Frames (Open frames, not braced,
Depends on loads also)
0 . 1
0 . 1
>
=
ns
s
o
o
0 . 1
0 . 1
>
>
ns
s
o
o
Non Sway Sway May be Sway
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Appreciable relative moment of two ends of column
c
B T
l
Sway
A A
= A
0
05 . 1 )
05 . 0 )
6 )
0
<
<
A
>
M
M
c
l V
P
E b
EI EI a
m
C U
U
Columns walls Bracing
A
T
A
B
l
c
What is Sway
Sway Limits
Frame considered
as Non-Sway
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Braced Column (Non-Sway)
More on Sway
Unbraced Column (Sway)
Most building columns may be
considered Non-Sway for gravity
loads
More than 40% of columns in
buildings are Non-Sway for
lateral loads
Moment Magnification for Sway
case is more significant, more
complicated and more important
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Calculation of o
ns
(Non-Sway)
C
u
m
ns
P
P
C
75 . 0
1
= o
Moment curvature
Coefficient
Applied column load
2
2
) (
) (
U
C
Kl
EI
P
t
=
Critical buckling load
Effective Length Factor
Flexural Stiffness
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
The C
m
Factor
M1 is the smaller End Moment
M2 is the larger End Moment
M1/M2
Positive
M1/M2
Negative
M
1
M
2
M
2
M
1
The Moment and Stress
Amplification Factors are
derived on the basis of pin-
ended columns with single
moment curvature.
(C
m
= 1.0)
For other Moment Distribution,
the correction factor C
m
needs
to be computed to modify the
stress amplification.
C
m
= 0.4 to 1.0
4 . 0
2
1
4 . 0 6 . 0 > + =
M
M
C
m
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
More about C
m
Factor
M
1
= -M M
1
= 0 M
1
=M M
1
=0
M
2
= M M
2
= M M
2
= M M
2
= M
1
2
1
=
M
M
0
2
1
=
M
M
1
2
1
=
M
M
0
2
1
=
M
M
M
1
M
2
M
1
M
1
M
1
M
2
M
2
M
2
Cm = 1.0 Cm = 0.6 Cm = 0.2 Cm = 0.6
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Effective Length Factor, K
To account for Axial-Flexural Buckling
Indicates the total bent length of column between
inflection points
Can vary from 0.5 to Infinity
Most common range 0.75 to 2.0
0.5 1.0
2.0
0.5 - 1.0
1.0 -
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Determination of K
Members Part of Framed Structure
Increases K Increase G G K
Beams L EI
Columns L EI
G
C
,
) / (
) / (
o
=
2 1
20
20
< +
=
m m
m
G for G
G
K
2 ) 1 ( 9 . 0 > + =
m m
G for G K
0 . 1 05 . 0 85 . 0
0 . 1 ) ( 05 . 0 7 . 0
s + =
s + + =
m
B T
G k
G G K
Unbraced
Frames
Braced
Frames
(smaller of)
B T m
B
T
G and G of Minimum G
End Bottom G
End Top G
=
=
=
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Determination of K
Isolated Members
Fix Pin Free
Fix
0.5 0.8 2.0
Pin
0.8 1.0 Unstable
Free
2.0 Unstable Unstable
B
o
t
t
o
m
E
n
d
Top End
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
More about Factor K
Increases K Increase K
Beams l EI
Columns l EI
C
,
) / (
) / (
o
=
How about I Gross? Cracked? Effective?
ACI Rules Beams I = 0.35 Ig, Column I = 0.7Ig
) (
) (
2 1
2 1
B B
C C
T
I I E
I I E
Example
+
+
= =
E for column and beams may be different
C2
C3
C1
B1
B2
B4
B3
Lc
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Determination of Stiffness EI
Attempt to include,
Cracking, Variable E, Creep effect
Geometric and material non linearity
I
g
= Gross Moment of Inertia
I
se
= Moment of Inertia of rebars
|
d
= Effect of creep for sustained loads. = P
ud
/P
u
d
g C
d
se s g C
I E
or
I E I E
EI
|
|
+
=
+
+
=
1
4 . 0
1
2 . 0
12
3
bh
I
g
=
=
2
. b b se
y A I
h
b
Ab
y
b
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
C U
U
l V
P
Q
0
A
=
( ) average height storey Clear l
V V V V
P P P P
C
U U U U
B T
U U U U
=
+ + =
A A = A
+ + =
.......
......
3 2 1
0
3 2 1
P
U1
P
U2
P
U3
P
U4
V
U1
V
U1
V
U1
V
U1
A
T
A
B
l
C
Case Sway Q
case sway Non Q If
: 05 . 0
: 05 . 0
>
s
Slenderness procedure for Buildings
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
BS Moment Magnification
Basic Equation for Slender Columns
u i m
Na M M + =
Initial Moment form
elastic analysis
M
add
, Additional
moment due to
deflection
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Kh a
a u
| =
1 s
=
bal uz
uz
N N
N N
K
2
2000
1
|
.
|
\
|
=
b
l
e
a
|
Calculation of Deflection a
u
Smaller dimension
Effective Length = |l
o
(From Table 3.21 and 3.22)
Load correction factor
Column Dimension
along deflection
Length Correction Factor
Applied column load
Axial Capacity for M = 0
Axial capacity at balanced
conditions
y sc c cu uz
f A A f N 95 . 0 45 . 0 + =
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Some Special Cases
M
P
V
M
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Some Special Cases
P
L
Le = ?
h1
d
(a)
L1
L2
(b)
L1
L2
(c)
L1
h2
(d)
h1
Soft
Hard
(e)
V
P