Mobile communications

Chapter # 3 (Rappaport)

Cellular Systems
Cellular concept is major break - through in solving the problem of : (i) Congestion (ii) Capacity enhancement of telephone

system It can offers very high capacity with some

technological changes.

Cellular System

(Contd)

The basic idea behind cellular system design is frequency reuse which exploits the fact that The power of a transmitted signal falls off with distance. Thus, two users can operate on the same frequency at spatially-separate locations with minimal interference between them. Separation varies with pico-cell, micro-cell and macro-cell.

Frequency Reuse

Cellular Systems Contd.

The coverage area of a cellular system is divided into non overlapping cells where a subset of channels is assigned to each cell. This same channel set is used in another cell some distance away, as shown in Figure below, 3 polygons tesselate completely Triangle, Square, and a Hexagon We need minimum number of cells when hexagon is used. Min. cost.

Frequency Reuse Contd.

CLUSTER OF SIZE 7

Clusters

Reuse Distance
The separation distance of cells that reuse the same channel set is known as reuse distance. In order to increase the spectral efficiency of the Cellular communication system reuse distance should be as small as possible so that frequencies are reused as often as possible However, as reuse distance decreases inter-cell interference increases due to smaller propagation distance between interfering cells.
10/23/2013 7

Reuse Distance Contd.

Since intercell interference must remain below a given threshold for acceptable system performance(AMPS = 18dB), reuse distance cannot be reduced below some minimum value thus limiting the capacity of the cellular system.

10/23/2013

Mobile Stations & Base Stations

A Cellular system consists of several mobile stations & a base stations. A mobile station is either hand-held personal units (portables) or installed on vehicles (mobiles), in the cellular radio service, intended for use while in motion at unspecified locations.

10/23/2013

Mobile Stations & Base Stations Contd.

Base station is a fixed station in a mobile radio system used for radio communication with the mobile stations. Base stations are located at the center of a coverage region. They consists of radio channels and transmitter and receiver antennas mounted on top of a tower.

10/23/2013

10

Mobile Stations & Base Stations Contd.

Base Station

Radio tower

Mobile Station

Hand off
Process of a redirecting an ongoing phone call from one cell to another cell using different frequency pair without interrupting the call.
10/23/2013 11

Frequency Reuse Contd.

To find size of a cluster
Size of a cluster, N = i2+ij+j2
j

i= Move i cell in any chain of Hexagon j= Turn 60 degrees counter clock wise and move j cell

Frequency Reuse Contd.

Find cluster size for the following cellular system.
Size of a cluster, N = i2+ij+j2

Here i =3 and j=2 N = 19

Frequency Reuse Capacity expansion in one cluster

S = Total duplex channels in a system k = Available channels per cell N = Total number of cells in a cluster Therefore, S = kN N cells collectively use complete set of available frequencies. Each cell used lesser freqs. This leads to System Capacity expansion.

Frequency Reuse Multi-clusters

M = No of times cluster is replicated C= Total number of duplex channels in a system Therefore, C= M k N => C=MS (Total channel capacity of system) => C is directly proportional to M N is called cluster Size

Example from Text (Self read)

Frequency Reuse (Contd.)

If N is reduced while cell size is kept constant then more clusters are required to cover a given area. Hence, more capacity (large value of C) is achieved. But this may increase interference.
From design view point smallest possible value of N is desirable in order to maximize the capacity. Frequency reuse factor of cellular system is given by 1/N.

Problem with Smaller Cluster size

Interfering cells are closer by when cluster size is smaller.

Problem with Smaller Cluster size

If interfering cells are closer. Thus total interference power will be larger. With higher interference power, the quality of the signal (speech or data) will deteriorate.

To reduce the interference power, we can make the cells larger.

With larger cell, the number of users covered per unit area reduces. So, the capacity (total number of users supported) of a smaller cluster size is not as high as we think.

Inter-Cell Interference (Co channel Interference)

Because same set of channels is used in another cell some distance away therefore interference is possible.

The interference caused by users in different cells operating on the same channel set is called inter-cell interference( Co-Chl Interference).

Causes of CCI
Undesired Transmitter Signals located in some other cells that are using the same frequencies (co-channel signals) arrive at the receiver. Adverse weather and propagation conditions Poor frequency planning

Example of CCI
D1 D2

D6

D5
D3 D4

Minimizing CCI
By increasing D/R ratio, the spatial separation between the co-channel cells relative to the coverage distance of cell is increased. Thus co-channel interference is reduced. D = Distance between the centers of nearest co-channel cell R= Radius of the cell This ratio (D/R) is called co-channel reuse ratio represented by Q. Where N is cluster size.

Co- Channel Interference

Hence, Q determines the spatial separation relative to the coverage distance of a cell. Smaller value of Q provides larger capacity, but higher CCI Hence there is a tradeoff between the Capacity and Interference

Co-channel reuse Ratio Table

Reuse Distance
The separation distance of cells that reuse the same channel set is known as reuse distance. In order to increase the spectral efficiency of the Cellular communication system reuse distance should be as small as possible so that frequencies are reused as often as possible However, as reuse distance decreases inter-cell interference increases due to smaller propagation distance between interfering cells.

Books
1. T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications, PHI, 2002.

2. William C.Y. Lee, Mobile Cellular TelecommunicationsAnalog & Digital Systems, Mc.Graw Hill, 1995. 3. V.K.Garg, Principles and Applications of GSM, Pearson Education, 1999. 4. V.K.Garg, IS-95 CDMA and cdma 2000, Pearson Education, 2000.