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Industrial Instrumentation-Lec-04
Industrial Instrumentation-Lec-04
Temperature Sensor
It is time to turn up the heat but first you must learn how to measure it
Relative Scales
Fahrenheit (F) Celsius (C)
Absolute Scales
Rankine (R)
Kelvin (K)
212:F
672:R
100:C
373:K
32:F 0:F
492:R 460:R
0:C -18:C
273:K 255:K
Fahrenheit [F] = [C] 9/5 + 32 Celsius [C] = ([F] 32) 5/9 Kelvin [K] = [C] + 273.15 Rankine [R] = [F] + 459.67
-460:F
0:R
-273:C
0:K
1. Mechanical Methods
2. Electrical Methods
1. Thermocouples 2. Thermistors
Thermocouples
When 2 dissimilar metals are joined together to form a junction, an emf is produced which is proportional to the temperature being sensed.
Seebeck Effect: The generation of current in a circuit comprising of two wires of dissimilar metals in the presence of temperature difference
Thermocouple Types
TCs are identified by a single letter type and grouped according to their temperature range
Base Metals up to 1000 C
Type J, Type E, Type T, Type K
Metal Combinations
TC Type J E T K R S Colours White/Red Purple/Red Blue/Red Yellow/Red Black/Red Black/Red Range C Positive Lead (Coloured) Negative Lead (all Red) Constantan Constantan Constantan Alumel Platinum Platinum
-210 to 1200 Iron -270 to1000 0 to 400 -270 to1372 -50 to 1768 -50 to 1768 Chromel Copper Chromel Platinum-13% rhodium Platinum-10% rhodium
B
C
Grey/Red
WhiteRed/Red
0 to 1700
0 to 2320
Platinum-30% rhodium
Tungsten/5% rhenium
Platinum-6% rhodium
Tungsten 26% rhenium
Thermocouple Tables
Thermistors
Thermistor, a word formed by combining thermal with resistor, is a temperature-sensitive resistor fabricated from semiconducting materials. The resistance of thermistors decreases proportionally
Thermistors
The thermistors can be in the shape of a rod, bead or disc.
Manufactured from oxides of nickel, manganese, iron, cobalt, magnesium, titanium and other metals.
Thermistors
Thermistor Charts
Thermistors
Advantages: Small sizes and fast response Low cost Suitability for narrow spans Disadvantages: More susceptible to permanent decalibration at high temperatures. Use is limited to a few hundred degrees Celsius. Respond quickly to temperature changes, thus, especially susceptible to self-heating errors. Very fragile
sensitive resistor.
It is a positive temperature coefficient device, which means
Platinum Scale
( 0 to 100 C )
RTDs with a bridge circuit Only practical if the RTD lead wires are short. In many applications the RTD is located far from the conditioning circuit adding extra resistance because the length of the copper lead wire. Cu = 0.0302 per ft. How much error will 100 ft length of Cu lead wire introduce?
Most RTDs have an extra wire to compensate for the length of lead wire.
Not standardized but this is common colour arrangement. Some (like in the lab) will use BLK-BLK-RED
Pyrometer
Pyrometry is a technique for measuring temperature without physical contact An apparatus for measuring high temperatures that uses the radiation emitted by a hot body as a basis for measurement.
Expansion Thermometers
Bimetallic Thermometer
(Expansion of solids)
-Different metals have difference coefficient. -Configured as spiral or helix for compactness - Can be used with a pointer to make an inexpensive compact rugged thermometer.
Bimetallic thermometer
Expansion Thermometers
Bimetallic Thermometer
(Expansion of solids)
Expansion Thermometers
Bimetallic Thermometer
(Expansion of solids)
Expansion Thermometers
Expansion Thermometers
Class l A,B
Liquid filled
Class V A,B
Mercury Filled
Expansion Thermometers
Class l:
Response
Slowest Fastest Fast
Class ll: -40 to 32 or 32 to 600 F Class lll: -450 F to +1400 F Class V: -40 F to +1200 F
Fast