2E4: SOLIDS & STRUCTURES

Lecture 8
Dr. Bidisha Ghosh
Notes:
http://www.tcd.ie/civileng/Staff/Bidisha.Ghosh/
Solids & Structures


Properties of Sections
Cross-sections of beams:






Cross-Sections of other structural or machine
elements:





To find out stress or deformation we need to know about the
geometric properties of these sections!

Centroid
Centroid is the geometric centre which represents a
point in the plane about which the area of the cross-
section is equally distributed.

Centre of gravity for a body is a point which locates
the gravity or weight of the body.

Centroid and CG are same for homogeneous
material.








Moment of Area
dA
A
dA
}
This is called the First Moment of Area
An important concept to find out centroid.

The limits of the integration are decided based on the
dimensions (end points) of the area under consideration.


x y
A A
Q ydA Q xdA = =
} }
Take a infinitesimally small area (dA)
in the shaded area (area under
consideration).

Moment of this area about the point O,

Moment of the entire shaded area
about the point O can be by summing
over all such small dA areas or by,


First moment of area about x-axis or
y-axis,











Calculating position of centroid

The centroid of the entire shaded area (set of areas dA) is
the point C with respect to which the sum of the rst
moments of the dA areas is equal to zero.

The centroid is the point dening the geometric center of
system or of an object.






y
x
A A
Q
Q
x ydA y xdA
A A
= = = =
} }
Centroid of a Triangle
Composite areas
When a composite area is considered as an
assemblage of n elementary areas, the resultant
moment about any axis is the algebraic sum of the
moments of the component areas.

Therefore the centroid of a composite area is located
by,




i i i i
i i
Ax A y
x y
A A
= =


Centroid of an L-Shaped Area
Centroid of an L-Shaped Area
Moments of Inertia
MOI is a measure of the resistance to changes to its
rotation. It is the inertia of a rotating body with respect to its
rotation. The moment of inertia plays much the same role
in rotational dynamics as mass does in linear dynamics.

It is the second moment of area,



Radius of gyration, (the distance at which the entire area
can be assumed to be distributed for calculation of MOI)







y
x
x y
I
I
r r
A A
= =
2 2

x y
A A
I y dA I x dA = =
} }
Can you write a
matlab/excel code to
calculate moment of
inertia?
Moments of Inertia of a rectangle
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
2
3 3 2
2

=
=
3 12
x
A
A
d b
d b
d
d
d
d
I y dA y dxdy
y dx dy
y bdy
y bd
b

= =
(
(
=
(

(
=
(

} }}
} }
}
Polar Moment of Inertia
This is the moment of inertia of a plane area about an
axis perpendicular to the area.






0 x y
J I I = +
Parallel Axis Theorem

The parallel-axis theorem relates the moment of
inertia of an area with respect to any axis to the
moment of inertia around a parallel axis through the
centroid.

2 2
( ) =
x x y
A
I y y dA I Ad = + +
}
Moment of Inertia of an I-beam