Cell Structure and its Environment

Early Discoveries

During 1665, Robert Hooke observed and described cells in cork

Tiny compartments = cellulae
Small

rooms

Early Discoveries

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek - improves microscope - first to observe and describe the singlecelled organisms (animalculesmicroorganisms)

Early Discoveries

Robert Brown (1831) published observations reporting the discovery and widespread occurrence of nuclei in the cells Matthias Schleiden (1838) Discovered that plant parts are made of cells Theodore Schwann (1839) Discovered that animal parts are made of cells Rudolph Virchow (1855) Stated that all living cells come only from other living cells

Cell Theory
1) Every organism is composed of one or
more cells

2) Cell is smallest unit having properties of

life 3) Continuity of life arises from growth and division of single cells

Cell
Smallest unit that lives on its own Each cell is structurally organized for metabolism Potential to reproduce

Types of Cell

Prokaryotic cell

Eukaryotic cell

Prokaryotic cell
Smallest known cell Tiny volume of cytoplasm Membranes dont enclosed DNA

Parts

Or capsule

Eukaryotic cell
Present in plants, animals and fungi Has organelles and nucleus

Animal cell

Plant cell

Structural Organization of Cells

Plasma membrane Nucleus Cytoplasm

Plasma Membrane
Selectively isolates the cells contents from the external environment Regulates the exchange of essential substances between the cells contents and the external environment Communicates with other cells

Plasma Membrane Lipid Bilayer

Membrane Proteins
Recognition protein extracellular environment Receptor protein

lipid bilayer cytoplasm Protein pump across bilayer Protein channel across bilayer Protein pump Figure 4.4 Page 57

Membrane Proteins

double layer of lipids proteins

Why arent all cells big?

The smaller or narrower the cell, the more efficiently materials cross its surface and become distributed through the interior.

Common Features of Eukaryotic Cells

Nucleus localizing the cells DNA Endoplasmic reticulum protein and lipid synthesis Golgi body sorting and shipping proteins Lysosomes/Peroxisomes transporting or storing a variety of substance Mitochondria producing many ATP molecules in highly efficient fashion

The Nucleus
Control center of eukaryotic cells The organelle that physically separates DNA from cytoplasmic machinery

Components of Nucleus

nuclear envelope nucleoplasm nucleolus chromatin

Figure 4.11b

Page 62

Components of the Nucleus

Nuclear Envelope pore riddled double membrane system that selectively controls the passage of various substances into and out of the nucleus

Nuclear Envelope

Two outer membranes (lipid bilayers)

Innermost surface has DNA attachment sites
Nuclear pore bilayer facing cytoplasm Nuclear envelope

bilayer facing nucleoplasm

Figure 4.12b Page 63

Components of the Nucleus

Nucleoplasm fluid interior portion of the nucleus Nucleolus Construction site where certain RNAs and proteins are combined to make ribosomal subunits

Components of the Nucleus

Chromatin Total collection of all DNA molecules and their associated proteins in the nucleus Chromosome One DNA molecule and many proteins that are intimately associated with it

Endomembrane System
Series of functionally connected organelles in which lipids are assembled and new polypeptide chains are modified. Products are sorted and shipped to different destination

Components of Endomembrane System

Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Bodies Vesicles

Endoplasmic Reticulum

In animal cells, continuous with nuclear

membrane

Extends throughout cytoplasm

Two regions - rough and smooth

Endoplasmic Reticulum and the Ribosomes: protein production machine

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

source: http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/ribosome.htm

Golgi Body
Puts finishing touches on proteins and lipids that arrive from ER Packages finished material for shipment to final destinations Material arrives and leaves in vesicles

budding vesicle

Figure 4.15 Page 65

Vesicles

Membranous sacs that move through

cytoplasm

Lysosomes
Organelle

of intracellular digestion

Peroxisomes
Breaks

down fatty acids and amino acids

Lysosomes

Rich in digestive enzymes (that work at low pH) Digest bacteria that invade a cell

Recycling of membrane components

Repair damage to plasma membrane

Peroxisomes
Get rid of toxic substances Many in the liver

lysosome

Mitochondrial Origins

Mitochondria resemble bacteria

Have

own DNA, ribosomes on their own

Divide

May have evolved from ancient bacteria that were engulfed but not digested

Mitochondria

Contain their own genome (distinct from nuclear genome)

Self-replicating Critical role in generation of energy (called ATP): Glycolysis (without oxygen use) Krebs cycle (in presence of oxygen)

Non-membranous Structures and their Functions

Ribosomes Assembling polypeptide chains Cytoskeleton Imparting overall shape and internal organization to the cell; locomotion

Microtubules Microfilaments

Cytoskeleton
Reinforce, organize, and move internal cell parts Microfilaments

Two

polypeptide chains of actin monomers Structural support

Microtubules
Proteins

cylinders (tubulin monomers) move cell interior

Cytoskeleton

Intermediate filaments
Help

strengthen and maintain the shape of cells and cell parts

The cytoskeleton: a cell's scaffold

Specialized Plant Organelles

Chloroplasts Chromoplasts Amyloplasts Central Vacuole

Chloroplast
Use sunlight energy to drive the formation of ATP and NADPH. Used to assemble sugars and some other organic compounds

Chloroplast

Thylakoid membrane

The first stage of photosynthesis starts where many light-trapping pigments, enzymes and other proteins are embedded

Plastids
Chromoplast - Lacks chlorophyll, but they have an abundance in carotenoids Amyloplast - Lacks pigments, often they store starch grains and are abundant in cells of stems, potato tubers, and seeds

Central Vacuole

Fluid-filled organelle surrounded by single membrane Stores amino acids, sugars, ions and toxic wastes Helps the cell grow It expands during growth Blue or purple pigments stored in the central vacuoles are responsible for the colors of the flower

How Do Cells Move?

Cilia Flagella

Cell Surface Specializations

Cell wall - structural component that wraps continuously around the plasma membrane - it is porous Cell Junction - where a cell sends and receives signals and materials, and where it recognizes itself to cells of the same type

Plant Cell Walls

Secondary cell wall (3 layers)
reinforces cell shape

Primary cell wall

Thin and pliable Permits the cell to continue to enlarge under the pressure of incoming water

Cell-to-Cell Junctions

Plants
Plasmodesmata

plasmodesma

Animals
Tight

junctions junctions

Adhering Gap

junctions

Animal Cell Junctions

tight junctions
adhering junction gap junction

Cell Surface Specializations

Cell Communication - one cell signals another to change its activities