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Toler Ancing
Toler Ancing
Toler Ancing
Topics Exercises
Tolerancing: Topics
Summary 4.1) Tolerancing and Interchangeability 4.2) Tolerancing Standards 4.3) Tolerance definitions 4.4) Tolerance Types
Tolerancing
Tolerancing / Definition
What are tolerances? Manufacturing processes are not precise. There is always a dimensional error. Tolerance is the leeway allowed on a dimension for accommodating manufacturing errors.
Tolerancing / Interchangeability
A tolerance is the amount of size variation permitted.
You can choose a tolerance that specifies a large or small variation. 1.005 Size limits = .994 Tolerance = 1.005 - .994 = .011
Tolerancing / History
The need for GD&T was identified during second world war. Because of the mass production, different parts were manufactured by different vendors. But these parts would not fit together because of dimensional errors. So this laid foundation for the development of a standard for tolerances. This standard is meant to define tolerances and their applications.
Copyright 2010 by K. Plantenberg Restricted use only
Tolerancing / Interchangeability
Choosing a tolerance for your design.
Specify a tolerance with whatever degree of accuracy that is required for the design to work properly.
Tolerancing / Interchangeability
Choosing the correct tolerance for a particular application depends on:
the design intent (end use) of the part cost how it is manufactured experience
Tolerancing
Tolerancing Standards
Standards are needed for
Defining consistent definitions and rules for tolerances Helps in interchangeability of parts.
Tolerancing Standards
The two most common standards agencies are;
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) / (ASME Y14.5) International Standards Organization (ISO).
Tolerancing Definitions
1. Limit Dimensions
Limits are the maximum and minimum size that a part can obtain and still pass inspection.
For example, the diameter of a shaft might be specified as follows.
3. Zones
Zones give the distance between two parallel features, between which the variations are allowed.
Shaft-Hole Assembly
Used to illustrate concepts and definitions. Both the shaft and the hole are allowed to vary between a maximum and minimum diameter.
Tolerances Definitions
Limits: The limits are the maximum and minimum size that the part is allowed to be.
Basic Size: The basic size is the size from which the limits are calculated.
It is common for both the hole and the shaft and is usually the closest fraction.
Exercise 4-2
Fill in the following table.
.01
Exercise 4-2
Fill in the following table.
Hole
Exercise 4-2
What does a negative clearance mean?
Exercise 4-4
Tolerance Types
Tolerance Types
There are 6 types of tolerances defined in the current standard (ASME Y14.5)
Size
Size is applicable on features of size. It is a limit dimension. Features of size are those features on which a diameter or thickness can be applied. ex. hole, with a size tolerance of 6 0.3 mm:
Form
Form tolerances are used to control the surface characteristics of a feature. Flatness controls the surface variation for a plane. Straightness controls the variation of line elements on a plane or cylindrical surface or axis of a cylinder. Circularity is used to control the variations of a circular element on a cylindrical surface. Cylindricity is used to control both the circular and line elements on a cylindrical surface
Copyright 2010 by K. Plantenberg Restricted use only
Form
Flatness
Circularity
Straightness
Figures from http://www.roymech.co.uk/Useful_Tables/Drawing/draw_geom_ex.html
Copyright 2010 by K. Plantenberg Restricted use only
Orientation
Controls the orientation of features with respect to each other 3 types parallelism, perpendicularity, angularity Features are controlled with respect to datums
Orientation
Parallelism
Perpendicularity
Angularity
Location
Controls the position of features. 3- types - position, concentricity, symmetry Applied to features of size only Need datums
Location
There
Location
Runout
Controls the surface variation with respect to a datum Applied to cylindrical features or circular elements 2 types- circular and total Circular runout controls one circular element. Total runout controls the entire surface.
Runout
There
Circular
Total Runout
Profile
Controls size, form, orientation and position. Two types line and surface Line profile controls one element at a time. Surface profile controls the entire surface.
Profile
There
Line Profile
Surface Profile