Analysis and Transmission of Signals

Lecture 3

Introduction

Integrals are used for taking care of continuous value function sum Summation is used for totaling discrete values function For periodic signals we use Fourier series used in discrete spectrum For aperiodic signals, we use Fourier transform used in continuous spectrum

Aperiodic Signal Representation by Fourier Integral

Figure: 3.1

1. 2. 3.

An aperiodic function never repeats, although technically an aperiodic function can be considered like a periodic function with an infinite period. A periodic waveform lasts for ever, it is an everlasting signal. An everlasting signal exists in theory, but not in real world. The Fourier Transform is used similarly to the Fourier Series, in that it converts a time-domain function into a frequency domain representation 3

Aperiodic Signal Representation by Fourier Integral

Limiting process

Including the dc component having f=0

Aperiodic Signal Representation by Fourier ..

and

Fundamental frequency

Fig: 3.2

Fig: 3.3

Everlasting signal starts from t-infinity and runs towards t-infinity. Causal signal starts at t=0 and continues to run towards t-infinity.

1. 2.

Fourier series is used for spectral analysis of periodic waves. FT is used for spectral analysis of aperiodic signal. This property is called Duality .
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i. Cos(x) = Cos(-x) ii. Sin(-x) = -Sinx

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Sol.

FT of a signal g(t) is a spectral representation of g(t) in terms of everlasting exponential component of the form

e(iwt)
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Load distribution is discrete

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Load distribution is continuous

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Discussion

Spectral distribution is discrete

Spectral distribution is continuous

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1.

The rectangular function (also known as the rectangle function, rect function, Pi function, gate function, unit pulse, or the normalized boxcar function). In mathematics, a boxcar function is any function which is zero over the entire real line except for a single interval where it is equal to a constant,

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2.

Proof: The transform is easily determined using the convolution property of FT and the FT of
the rect function:

Applications
The function is useful in signal processing and communication systems engineering as a representation of an idealized signal, and as a prototype or kernel from which more realistic signals can be derived. It also has applications in pulse code modulation as a pulse shape for transmitting digital signals and as a matched filter for receiving the signals. 18

Sine of small angle is that angle

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EXAMPLE 3.2

Fig: 3.10

Solution

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Example 3.4

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Solution

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