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Geometric Design of Highways (2 Units)
Geometric Design of Highways (2 Units)
Geometric Design of Highways (2 Units)
Pavement
Part of the roadway used as a travelled way May consist of:
Earth (max. permeability, max. slope) Gravel base-course/surface Gravel base (etc) with surface dressing Asphalt Concrete (AC) surface OPCC base/surface (min. permeability, min. slope)
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Cross Slope
design is controlled by traffic operations and drainage considerations Big slope is better for quick drainage but camber with more than 2.5% slope creates side-sway problem if speed is more than 80 km/hr Parabolic section is better but difficult to construct
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Cross Slope .
Critical consideration on curved sections super elevation often provided for paved roads where high speed (60 km/hr or more) is expected (= outside urban areas) Different pavement types require different slopes due to differences in permeability of the pavement materials
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Skid Residence
Alignment and pavement texture must be designed to produce high initial skid resistance
Reduced probability of polishing Cross slope with 2.5% slope or more reduces probability of hydroplaning Curve radius, super-elevation and max grades may be selected to minimize chances of polishing
Pavement Widening
Vehicles occupy larger widths on curves than on tangents Amount of increase in occupation of the roadway depends on - Curve radius - Vehicles dimensions
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Pavement Widening
Curves traced by rear wheels are called swept curves Extra widening can be ignored for passenger cars on radii used on highways. See AASHTO for the estimation of amount of widening needed.
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The design vehicle - HGV Frequency of meeting on curves (traffic demand) Curve radius. Speed (design or operating speed)
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Drivers will need to concentrate more on curves discomfort, fatigue Possible reduction in operating speed (on curves)
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Shoulders
Definition: a shoulder is the portion of the roadway continuous with the travelled way whose function is to provide lateral support to the base and surface course, accommodates stopped vehicles, for emergency use and sometimes for use by NMT (Non Motorised Traffic)
Width varies from 0.6 m to 3.6 m Shoulders may be paved, gravel or earth/grass
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Benefits of shoulders
Space is provided for disabled vehicles and for motorists to stop when consulting road maps/directions Space for evasive manoeuvers Sense of openness provided reduce driver stress, increase SD in cuts (safety) Sometimes may improve aesthetics Encourage uniform speed and therefore capacity is increased
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Benefits of shoulders ..
Provides space for maintenance activities: storage of materials, temporary travelled way Provides lateral clearance for signs and guardrails (Road furniture) Allows storm water to be discharged further from the travelled roadway reduces seepage into the pavement base and therefore slows down deterioration
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Structural support is given to the pavement Space provided for pedestrian and bicycle use, detouring of vehicles during reconstruction, bus stops, Usually kerbs are used in urban areas. Parking lanes may serve stalled vehicles otherwise traffic is disturbed
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Kerbs
Drainage control Pavement edge delineation RoW reduction (critical in urban centres) Aesthetics
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Kerbs
Delineation of pedestrian walkways Reduced maintenance operations (pvmt edge). Assistance in orderly roadside development
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Thank you.
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