Histo Review #2

Blood Epithelia Connective Tissue Musculoskeletal Neural Tissue Cardiovascular Bone Skin Renal

Your Test
45 ?s
~13 are slides, ~17 are printed micrographs (EM, LM) 15 are not based on images Coordinate with the person opposite from you

70 min. Check your bulbs and oil.

Blood
(4500-10000) c/uL

Lymphocytes
T-cell- Cell-mediated immunity,
Helper-T and Cytotoxic-t Mature in the Thymus

B-cell Humoral immunity

Mature in Bone Marrow Release IgG in extravascular tissue

Granulocytes
PMN
Neutrophil, Multi-Lobed Nucleus, 10-12um Granules
Specific- Lysozyme, collagenase, etc. Azurophilic- MPO, Defensins

Monocyte
Macrophage precursor Kidney Bean Nucleus, 10-20 um Lysosomal Granules

Eosinophil
Bilobed Nucleus, Red Granules w/ crystalline core on EM, 10-12 um Basophil inhibitor
Histaminase, Aryl Sulfatase

Basophil
Bilobed Nucleus, Blue Granules, 10-12 um Vasoactive Traits
1.Bind IgE (dont produce it! B-cells do) 2. Secrete histamine and SRS (slow releasing substance of anaphylaxis) 3. Heparin sulfate is an anti-coagulant

Platelets
2-5 um, anucleate 2-400,000/ mL blood Granules
Alpha- fibrinogen, coag. Factors Delta- serotonin, ADP, histamine

Know Clotting Cascade

Thromboplastin activates Thrombin Thrombin activates Fibrin tPA or pPA activates Plasmin Plasmin breaks the clot

Erythrocytes
Anucleate, 7.5 um 4-5 million/ mL blood Know Hb, Spectrin, Glycophorin C, Band 3 Basis of Blood Groups Life Span 120d.

WBC Population Hierarchy

More Populous Never (neut.) 54 62 % Let (lympho.) 25 33 % Monkeys (mono.) 3 7 % Eat (eosin.) 1 3 % Bananas (baso.) 0 0.75 % Less Populous

Epithelia
Body Surface Coverings

The Junctional Complex(Terminal Bar)

ZO- Zona Occludens- Occludin
Tight junction. Used to exclude particles.

ZA- Zona Adherens- Cadherins, Catenins

Used to hold cells together. Calcium-dependent binding. Fascia Adherens in non-epithelial tissue. Links the PM to ACTIN

MA- Macula Adherens- Desmosome

Plakogobin, Plakophilin, Desmoplakin, Cadherins Spot Welding- found all over the basolateral membrane. Connects to INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS

Hemidesmosome Cell-ECM connection, integrin-associated.

microvilli Axoneme

Bas al body

CILIA

axonemes tubulin

dynein

Cilia Vs. Microvilli

Cilia Usually in pseudostratified epithelia in the respiratory tract. Also in oviduct. Axoneme made of microtubules, dynein. 9X2 + 2 arrangement in the axoneme. Transports stuff along the cell surface. Anchored to the cell with a basal body. (9X3)

Microvilli Brush border of intestinal epithelial cells. Actin filaments, grow from the terminal web. Non-motile, increase the surface area for absorption of food. Sterocilia are actually long microvilli (testes, inner ear)

Mesothelium- simple squamous

Kidney tubule- simple cuboidal

Mallory stain of Kidney tubule

PAS stain of kidney tubule

Simple columnar epithelium

1. Nucleus of simple columnar epithelium

2. Brush border of s.c.e. (microvilli) 3. Lymphocyte

Simple columnar with goblet cell

Loose CT (cellular)

Goblet Cell
Blood Vessel

Mallory stain of pseudostratified columnar epi

Cilia

Pseudostratified Columnar epi

Pseudostratified ciliated epi- Found in nasal cavity and airways

Transitional: Ureters and Bladder.

Stratified squamou Non-keratinized (mucosa)

Loose CT

Stratified squamou keratinized (thin skin)

Dens e irreg. CT

Thick Skin

Submucosal Gland Non-keratinized Stratified Squamous Epi

muscularis

The Basement Membrane

Basement Membrane
PAS Positive, Made of Type IV collagen, Proteoglycans, Laminin, Entactin, Fibronectin,Type VII collagen anchors All secreted by the epithelial cell, not fibroblasts Lamina rara- clear area seen in EM. Contains laminin Lamina densa- dark area, coll IV, proteo, etc.

Laminae

Connective Tissue
Welds other tissues together

Embryonic mesenchyme-no fibers

Reticular Tissue

Stellate Reticular Cells/ Processes H/E stain

Loose Areolar (Irreg.) CT

tubules

Simple columnar epithelium With brush border

Loose Areolar (Irreg.) CT

Dense Irregular CT

Capillary w/ RBC

Adipose Tissue

Serous Gland Muscular Artery

Striated muscle

Tendon, Dense Regular CT

tendon

Collagen Synthesis
3 glycosylated and hydroxylated polypeptides combine to make procollagen in rER. Procollagen is exocytosed. Procollagen is cleaved outside of the cell to make tropocollagen. Tropocollagen polymerizes to make collagen fibers.

Connective Tissue Cells

A melting pot

Fibroblasts

Fibroblast and Its collagen fibers

Fibroblasts are translationally active

Adipose tissue

Macrophage

Mast Cells

Granules (heparin, histamine)

Muscle (Cardiac)

Mast Cell
Collagen

Granules Whorls

Mast Cell

Plasma Cell

Areolar CT

Plasma Cell

Plasma Cell -clockface nucleus -lots or rER

Eosinophil

Lymphocytes

Fibroblast

PCs

Muscle

Spindle-shaped nuclei Smooth Muscle

Peripheral Nuclei

Skeletal Muscle -multinucleated, peripheral nuclei -striations -triads of t-tubules and SR

M I

Z
H Hi, We Change

Cardiac Muscle -dyads of T-tubule and SR -gap jcns -central nuclei -branching

Intercalated disk

Endomysium

Peripheral Myelinated Axons

Tendon (Dense Reg. CT)

Dense Irreg. CT

Central Nuclei

Cardiac Muscle

Skeletal mm.

Endocardium

Purkinje Fibers

Cardiac Muscle

Neural Tissue

Anterior Horn (somatic motor) Neurons -pale nuclei -nissl substance Glial cells (oligodendroglia)

White Matter, Oligodendroglia with Axons

Capillary

Astrocyte

Silver Stain: Brain Cortex

Spinal Ganglion (Dorsal Root) Sensory Neurons

Dura Mater (one tough mother)

Sensory Neurons -connective tissue -satellite cells -central nuclei

Axon Hillock of sensory neuron

Oocyte Follicle Dont Confuse. Its watching you.

Sympathetic Chain Ganglion (motor) Neurons -smaller than sensory -random scattering -no good capsule of satellite ce -lipofuchsin -2nd order neurons (1st is in CNS

Parasympatheti c Neurons

-Found in the walls of viscera -Between smooth muscle (Auerb Plexus, Meissners Plexus) -Eccentric nuclei

Peripheral Nerve Axons: pink Epineurium, Perineurium: Blue

Peripheral Nerve -Bundle of Myelinated Axons -Surrounded by perineurium

Axons cut longitudinally -Node of Ranvier

Schwann Cell Nucleus

Myelin

Axon

Peripheral Nerve Perineurium

Axons

Epineurium

Motor Endplate

Axon

Dendrite

Skeletal Muscle

Muscle Spindl

Gray matter

White matter

Cortical Pyramidal Neurons -axons descend -dendrites ascend

Molecular Layer

Purkinje Cells

Granular Layer

Cardiovascular

Mesenchyme

 Endothelial Cell Structures

Have pinocytotic vesicles Contain Weibel-Palade bodies: rod-like inclusions containing coagulation factors (VIII) Are Nitric Oxide (NO) Factories (contain NOSnitric oxide synthase)

Small Arteriole

Small Venule

Venule Lymphatic

Lymphatic Arteriole

media: SMC, elastin. No fibroblasts

intima: Inner EM endothelial cells, connective tissue

adventitia: fibroblasts, macrophage

Outer EM

media

adventitia

artery

Small veins

Adipocytes
Valve

Lymphatic

Intima: Endothelium, loose CT

Media: SMC, Elastic Fibers, loose CT

Adventitia: Denser CT

Vasa Vasorum

Aorta: Elastic artery

Endocardium Purkinje fiber

Myocardium

endocardium

pericardium

myocardium

Aorta

Atrium Cusp of Aortic Valve

Cusp of Mitral Valve

Ventricle Chordae Tendinae

Papillary mm.

Bone and Cartilage

chondrocytes

Collagen II, elastin, hyaluronan, chondroitin sulfates and keratan sulfate

Perichondrium (dense reg. CT) Hyaline Cartilage

Hyaline Cartilage -joints -respiratory tract -avascular in adult -not innervated

Perichondrium

Chondroblasts

Fibroblasts

Isogenous Group

Elastic Cartilage: -epiglottic cartilage -ear, auditory tube -fine elastic fibers

Fibrocartilage- found in IV discs -Collagen I! -mix btw. Hyaline Cartilage and Dense CT.

Hyaline Cartilage

Fibrocartilage

Haversian Canal

Bone: -vascularized -innervated -collagen I -ground substance

Volkmanns Canal

Collagen Fibers

Osteocyte

Mineralized Bone

Gap Junctions!

Marrow

De-calcified Bone

Skeletal mm.

Periosteum

Osteoblasts

De-calcified Bone

Endochondral Ossification

Early Endochondral Ossification

Cartilage Bone

Primitive Marrow

Osteoblasts

Bone Spicule

Osteoblast Unmineralized Bone

Bone

Osteoclast

Resorption Unit

Osteoclast

Howships Lacuna

Integument

 Thick Skin

corneum lucidum granulosum

Eccrine Sweat Gland

Adipose

Myoepithelial Cells

Pacinian Corpuscle: Senses Vibration and Pressure Found in Hypodermis

Meissners Corpuscle

Rete Ridge

 Sensory Cells (interact with axons from CNs 7,9,10) Supporting Cells Basal Cells

Urinary System
Kidneys Ureters Urinary Bladder Urethra

Kidney

PAS Stain

Filtration
Plasma passes through (in order):
Fenestrated endothelium Basement Membrane Podocytes (visceral epithelium)

Cells of the Glomerulus

Fenestrated Endothelium 70-90 nm complete fenestrations allow small molecules through Podocytes the visceral layer of Bowmans capsule, have foot processes that interdigitate and form filtration slits (25 nm) with a thin diaphragm.
Both these cells contribute to the secretion of the Glomerular Basement Membrane (350nm) The GBM is a charge filter (Glycosaminoglycans) and a size filter (Coll IV). Particles larger than 70 kD or greatly positively charged are usually excluded from the urine.

GBM Diagram
Lamina Rara ext. Att.to podocytes. Contains polyanions Lamina Densa Contains mostly Collagen IV Lamina Rara int. Att.to endothelium Contains polyanions (GAGs, Proteoglycans)

Cells of Glomerulus (contd)

Mesangial Cells:
Form the structural framework of the glomerular tuft. Secrete mesangial matrix, phagocytose large particles, are also contractile (regulate RPF) Are known as lacis cells when near the vascular pole

Parietal epithelium
Is impervious to water and solutes Forms the outer portion of Bowmans urinary space

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
Occurs at the Vascular Pole of the Glomerulus Regulates Blood Pressure. Macula Densa: Modified Distal Tubular Cells taller and narrower than other tubular cells.
Detect changes in blood NaCl, send paracrine signal to the Juxtaglomerular Cells to release renin.

Juxtaglomerular Cells: modified Smooth Muscle cells of the afferent (sometimes efferent) arterioles.
Secrete Renin (aspartyl peptidase), which cleaves angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I. The net result is decreased Na+ excretion and increased blood pressure.

Simple Squamous Epith.

ArterioleEfferent or Afferent

BS

Macula Densa

Polkissen (Lacis) Cells

JG Cell

DT

PT
PT

PT

DT

PT

PTC

Thin Loo p

Thick Loop

CT

Ureter
Transitional Epi No Muscularis Mucosae Inner longitudinal, outer circular muscularis externa (backwards) Lower 1/3 of ureter has an

Bladder
Empty

Bladder Distended

 The bladder has three muscularis layers: Inner and outer longitudinal, and middle circular. (just like the lower ureter.)

Strat. Squamous Epi