TEG3A3

SISTEM KOMUNIKASI 1
RECEIVER FM & AGC:
Superheterodyne, Demodulator FM,
FM Stereo, AGC
oleh: Budi Prasetya
Modul #05
Program Studi S1 Teknik Telekomunikasi
Fakultas Elektro dan Komunikasi- Universitas Telkom
Bandung 2013
Modul 05 - Siskom I - Receiver
FM & AGC
2
FM receiver
FM receiver is similar to the superheterodyning
(down converting) layout:
BPF-RF
mixer
LO
BPF-IF limiter
Discrimi-
nator
Detektor
selubung
DC
Blocking
S
FM
(t)-IF
S

FM
(t)-IF
A
A
B
C D
Up Converter (di Pemancar)
BPF-IF
Filter
BPF-RF
MIXER
OSCILLATOR
RF
IF
IF
f
osc

f
osc
IF
f
osc
+IF
3
Modul 05 - Siskom I - Receiver
FM & AGC
4
Down Converter (di Penerima)
Filter
BPF-RF
Filter
BPF-IF
MIXER
OSCILLATOR
IF
RF
RF
f
osc

RF f
osc
RF+ f
osc

Modul 05 - Siskom I - Receiver
FM & AGC
Modul 05 - Siskom I - Receiver
FM & AGC
5
Limiter
A limiter is a circuit whose output is constant
for all input amplitudes above a threshold
Limiters function in an FM receiver is to
remove unwanted amplitude variations of the
FM signal
Limiter
Modul 05 - Siskom I - Receiver
FM & AGC
6
Demodulasi Sinyal FM
Dengan menggunakan diskriminator/differensiator
Pada sinyal FM, informasi terkandung pada frekuensi sinyal
FM



Jika dilakukan diferensiasi terhadap S
FM
(t) (keluaran
discriminator) didapat :


( )
(

+ =
}
t
f IF c FM
dt t m k t f A t S
0
) ( 2 2 cos t t
( ) ( ) | |
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
}

t
f IF f IF c FM
dt t m k t f t m k f A t S ) ( 2 2 sin 2 2
'
t t t t
Informasi terkandung pada bagian selubung dari S

FM
(t)
Modul 05 - Siskom I - Receiver FM & AGC
7
Demodulasi Sinyal FM
Keluaran detektor selubung (masukan DC blocking):







Keluaran DC blocking:



( ) ( ) ) ( . 2

t m C t m k A t m
f c
= = t
( ) ( ) | | t m k f A t S
f c c
t t 2 2 + =
selubung dari S

FM
(t)
DC blocking


Modul 05 - Siskom I - Receiver
FM & AGC
8
Discriminator
The heart of FM is this relationship

What we need is a device that linearly follows
inst. frequency
f
i
(t)=f
c
+k
f
m(t)
Disc.output
f
Deviation limits
+75 KHz
-75 KHz
f
carrier

f
carrier
is at the IF frequency
Of 10.7 MHz
Modul 05 - Siskom I - Receiver
FM & AGC
9
Examples of discriminators
Slope detector - simple LC tank circuit
operated at its most linear response curve
This setup turns an FM signal
into an AM
f
c
f
o

output
f
Modul 05 - Siskom I - Receiver
FM & AGC
10
Zero crossing detector
Hard
limiter
Zero
Crossing
detector
Multi-
vibrator
Averaging
circuit
FM Output
FM input
Hard limiter
ZC detector
multiV
more frequent
ZCs means
higher inst freq
in turn means
Larger message
amplitudes
Averaging circuit
Modul 05 - Siskom I - Receiver
FM & AGC
11
Commercial FM
Commercial FM broadcasting uses the
following parameters
Baseband:15KHz = W = fm
Deviation ratio:5 (index modulasi)
Peak freq. Deviation=75KHz
B
FM
=2(|+1)W=2x6x15=180KHz

Modul 05 - Siskom I - Receiver
FM & AGC
12
Commercial FM spectrum
The FM landscape looks like this
FM station B FM station A
FM station C
25KHz guardband
150 KHz
200 KHz
carrier
Modul 05 - Siskom I - Receiver
FM & AGC
13
FM stereo:multiplexing
First, two channels are created; (left+right)
and (left-right)
Left+right is useable by monaural receivers
-
Left channel
Right channel
+
+
+
mono
(left+right)
(left-right)
Modul 05 - Siskom I - Receiver
FM & AGC
14
Subcarrier modulation
The mono signal is left alone but the
difference channel is amplitude modulated
with a 38 KHz carrier
Left channel
Right channel
+
+
+
mono
DSB-SC
f
sc
=38 kHz
+
fsc=
38KHz
freq
divider
Composite baseband
-
Modul 05 - Siskom I - Receiver
FM & AGC
15
Stereo signal
Composite baseband signal is then frequency
modulated
Left channel
Right channel
+
+
+
mono
DSB-SC
f
sc
=38 kHz
+
fsc=
38KHz
(:2) freq
divider
Composite baseband
FM
transmitter
-
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
E
E
Modul 05 - Siskom I - Receiver
FM & AGC
16
Stereo spectrum
Baseband spectrum holds all the information.
It consists of composite baseband, pilot tone
and DSB-SC spectrum
38 KHz 19 KHz
15 KHz
Left+right
DSB-SC
Modul 05 - Siskom I - Receiver
FM & AGC
17
Stereo receiver
First, FM is stripped, i.e. demodulated
Second, composite baseband is lowpass
filtered to recover the left+right and in parallel
amplitude demodulated to recover the left-
right signal
38 KHz 19 KHz
15 KHz
Left+right
DSB-SC
Modul 05 - Siskom I - Receiver
FM & AGC
18
Stereo receiver diagram
FM
receiver
lowpass
filter(15K)
bandpass
at 38KHz
X lowpass
VCO
Divide 2
X lowpass
+
+
-
+
+
+
Left+right
left
right
PLL
coherent detector A
B
C
D
E
F
38 KHz 19 KHz
15 KHz
S
A
(f)
FM stereo demultiplexing
G
H
AGC (Automatic Gain Control)
Penguat
Variabel
Detektor
Penguat
Diferensial
LPF
Vi
Vo
Vr
19
Modul 05 - Siskom I - Receiver
FM & AGC
AGC (Automatic Gain Control)
V
2
V
1
V
i
V
o
20
Modul 05 - Siskom I - Receiver
FM & AGC
MATERI UTS: MODUL 1 6
SIFAT UJIAN : TUTUP BUKU
LAMA UJIAN : 2 JAM (4-5 SOAL)
TIPE SOAL : ESSAY
Modul 05 - Siskom I - Receiver
FM & AGC
21
Selamat Idul Fitri 1429 H
MOHON MAAF LAHIR DAN BATIN