NAME: BUTA SINGH

KUSHWAHA
Roll no: 10MUBEEE020
Class : A-1
Almost all electric power generation and most of the power
transmission in the world is in the form of three-phase AC
circuits. A three-phase AC system consists of three-phase
generators, transmission lines, and loads.

There are two major advantages of three-phase systems over
a single-phase system:
1) More power per kilogram of metal form a three-phase
machine;
2) Power delivered to a three-phase load is constant at all
time, instead of pulsing as it does in a single-phase system.

The first three-phase electrical system was patented in 1882
by John Hopkinson - British physicist, electrical engineer,
Fellow of the Royal Society.
A three-phase
generator consists of
three single-phase
generators with
voltages of equal
amplitudes and
phase differences of
120
0
.
Each of three-phase
generators can be
connected to one of three
identical loads.

This way the system would
consist of three single-phase
circuits differing in phase
angle by 120
0
.

The current flowing to each
load can be found as
V
I
Z
=
(3.4.1)
Therefore, the currents flowing in each phase are
0
0
0
0
120
120
240
240
A
B
A
V
I I
Z
V
I I
Z
V
I I
Z
u
u
u
u
u
u
Z
= = Z
Z
Z
= = Z
Z
Z
= = Z
Z
(3.5.1)
(3.5.2)
(3.5.3)
We can connect the negative (ground) ends of the three single-
phase generators and loads together, so they share the common
return line (neutral).
The current flowing through a neutral can be found as
0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
120 240
cos( ) sin( ) cos( 120 ) sin( 120 ) cos( 240 ) sin( 240 )
cos( ) cos( 120 ) cos( 240 ) sin( ) sin( 120 ) sin( 240 )
cos(
N A B C
I I I I I I I
I jI I jI I jI
I jI
I
u u u
u u u u u u
u u u u u u
u
= + + = Z + Z + Z
= + + + + +
( ( = + + + + +

=
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
) cos( ) cos(120 ) sin( )sin(120 ) cos( ) cos(240 ) sin( )sin(240 )
sin( ) sin( ) cos(120 ) cos( )sin(120 ) sin( ) cos(240 ) cos( )sin(240 ) jI
u u u u
u u u u u
( + + + +

( + + +

1 3 1 3
cos( ) cos( ) sin( ) cos( ) sin( )
2 2 2 2
1 3 1 3
sin( ) sin( ) cos( ) sin( ) cos( )
2 2 2 2
0
N
I I
jI
u u u u u
u u u u u
(
= +
(

(
+ +
(

=
Which is:
(3.7.1)
(3.7.2)
As long as the three loads are equal, the return current in
the neutral is zero!
Such three-phase power systems (equal magnitude, phase differences
of 120
0
, identical loads) are called balanced.
In a balanced system, the neutral is unnecessary!
Phase Sequence is the order in which the voltages in the individual
phases peak.
abc acb
There are two types of connections in three-phase circuits: Y and A.
Each generator and each load can be either Y- or A-connected. Any
number of Y- and A-connected elements may be mixed in a power system.
Phase quantities - voltages and currents in a given phase.
Line quantities voltages between the lines and currents in the lines
connected to the generators.
1. Y-connection
Assuming
a resistive
load
1. Y-connection (cont)
0
0
0
0
120
240
an
bn
cn
V V
V V
V V
|
|
|
= Z
= Z
= Z
0
0
0
0
120
240
a
b
c
I I
I I
I I
|
|
|
= Z
= Z
= Z
Since we assume a resistive load:
(3.11.1)
(3.11.2)
1. Y-connection (cont 2)
The current in any line is the same as the current in the corresponding phase.
L
I I
|
=
Voltages are:
0
0
0
1 3 3 3
0 120
2 2 2 2
3 1
3
2 2
30 3
a ab b
V V V V V V j V V j V
j V
V
V
| | | | | |
|
|
|
| |
= = Z Z = = +
|
|
\ .
| |
= + =
|
|
\
Z

.
(3.12.1)
(3.12.2)
1. Y-connection (cont 3)
3
LL
V V
|
=
Magnitudes of the line-to-line voltages and the line-to-neutral voltages are related as:
In addition, the line voltages are
shifted by 30
0
with respect to the
phase voltages.
(3.13.1)
In a connection with abc
sequence, the voltage of a
line leads the phase voltage.
1. A-connection
0
0
0
0
120
240
ab
bc
ca
V V
V V
V V
|
|
|
= Z
= Z
= Z
0
0
0
0
120
240
ab
bc
ca
I I
I I
I I
|
|
|
= Z
= Z
= Z
assuming a
resistive load:
(3.14.1) (3.14.2)
1. A-connection (cont)
LL
V V
|
=
The currents are:
0 0
0
1 3
0 240
2 2
3 3 3 1
3
2 2 2 2
3 30
ab ca a
I I I I I I I
I
j I
I j I I j
| | | | |
| | | |
| |
= Z Z = +
|
|
\ .
| |
= = =
|
|
Z
\ .
=
3
L
I I
|
=
(3.15.1)
(3.15.2)
(3.15.3) The magnitudes:
For the connections with the abc phase sequences, the current of a
line lags the corresponding phase current by 30
0
(see Figure below).
For the connections
with the acb phase
sequences, the line
current leads the
corresponding phase
current by 30
0
.
For a balanced Y-connected load with the impedance Z
|
= ZZu
0
:
0
0
( ) 2 sin
( ) 2 sin( 120 )
( ) 2 sin( 240 )
an
bn
cn
v t V t
v t V t
v t V t
e
e
e
=
=
=
and voltages:
The currents can be found:
0
0
( ) 2 sin( )
( ) 2 sin( 120 )
( ) 2 sin( 240 )
a
b
c
i t I t
i t I t
i t I t
e u
e u
e u
=
=
=
(3.17.1)
(3.17.2)
The instantaneous power is:
( ) ( ) ( ) p t v t i t =
Therefore, the instantaneous power supplied to each phase is:
0 0
0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) 2 sin( ) sin( )
( ) ( ) ( ) 2 sin( 120 ) sin( 120 )
( ) ( ) ( ) 2 sin( 240 ) sin( 240 )
a an a
b bn b
c cn c
p t v t i t VI t t
p t v t i t VI t t
p t v t i t VI t t
e e u
e e u
e e u
= =
= =
= =
(3.18.1)
(3.18.2)
Since
| |
1
sin sin cos( ) cos( )
2
o | o | o | = + (3.18.3)
Therefore
| |
0
0
( ) cos cos(2 )
( ) cos cos(2 240 )
( ) cos cos(2 480 )
a
b
c
p t VI t
p t VI t
p t VI t
u e u
u e u
u e u
=
( =

( =

The total power on the load
( ) ( ) ( ) 3 cos ( )
tot a b c
p t p t p t V p t I u + + = =
The pulsing components cancel each other because of
120
0
phase shifts.
(3.19.1)
(3.19.2)
The instantaneous
power in phases.

The total power
supplied to the load is
constant.
Phase quantities in each phase of a Y- or A-connection.
2
3 cos 3 cos P V I I Z
| | |
u u = =
2
3 sin 3 sin Q V I I Z
| | |
u u = =
2
3 3 S V I I Z
| | |
= =
Real
Reactive
Apparent
Note: these equations are valid for balanced loads only.
(3.21.1)
(3.21.1)
(3.21.1)
Line quantities: Y-connection.
Power consumed by a load: 3 cos P V I
| |
u =
Since for this load 3
L LL
I I and V V
| |
= =
Therefore:
3 cos
3
LL
L
V
P I u =
Finally:
3 cos
LL L
P V I u =
(3.22.1)
(3.22.2)
(3.22.3)
(3.22.4)
Note: these equations are valid for balanced loads only.
Line quantities: A-connection.
Power consumed by a load: 3 cos P V I
| |
u = (3.23.1)
Since for this load 3
L LL
I I and V V
| |
= = (3.23.2)
Note: these equations were derived for a balanced load.
Therefore:
3 cos
3
L
LL
I
P V u =
Finally:
3 cos
LL L
P V I u =
(3.23.3)
(3.23.4)
Same as for a Y-connected load!
Line quantities: Y- and A-connection.
3 sin
LL L
Q V I u =
3
LL L
S V I =
Reactive power
Apparent power
(3.24.1)
(3.24.2)
Note: u is the angle between the phase voltage and the phase
current the impedance angle.