RAG 121 ENVIRONMENTAL

SCIENCE 1
LECTURE 1

©Assoc.Prof. Ar. Dr. Abdul Majid Ismail

GBI:INTRODUCTION - SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
ISSUES, GREEN BUILDING INDEX & HUMAN SKILLS
“KEMAHIRAN INSANIAH”
Website:
http://www.hbp.usm.my/ventilation

08/16/09 1
 LECTURE 1
INTRODUCTION
Firman Allah
 “Berlakulah kerosakan (bencana) di
daratan dan di lautan oleh kerana usaha
manusia sendiri, sehingga Allah
menimpakan pada mereka sebahagian
azab daripada perbuatan mereka itu, agar
mereka kembali ke jalan yang benar
(bertaubat).”
…( Surah Ar Rum ayat 41)

08/16/09 2
 LECTURE 1
INTRODUCTION
Allah says
 “Mischief has appeared on land and sea
because of (the need) that the hands of
men have earned that (Allah) may give
them a taste of some of their deeds: in
order that they may turn back (from Evil)”
…( Surah Al Room verse 41)

08/16/09 3
 HOW BEAUTIFUL IS
OUR EARTH

“EARTH IS OUR FRIEND NOT

ENEMY”
08/16/09 4
 THE DISTRUCTION IS
SO DIVASTATING

GOD’S RECIPROCATION IS
REGARDLESS WHO & WHERE
08/16/09 5
 SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
“Sustainable development is
development that meets the needs of
the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet
their own needs.”
Brundtland Commission report of 1987

08/16/09 6
 WHY SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT?
Urban Population expected to grow by between
40% to 50% by 2030 from 70% to 80% of Total
Population. The way we plan our Cities will be a Key
component of a sustainable future
24% of Urban Home Energy consumption is from the
use of the Car to & from work
31% of Urban Home Energy consumption is from the
use of the Car for after work
Malaysia will become a Net Importer of Energy by
2010. How we design our homes will reflect how
much energy they require to run.

08/16/09 7
 “Architects , developers & politicians are
just like land greedy giant”
drawing by Malcom Wells

08/16/09 8
 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
MAN / HUMAN
LEADER / KHALIPH

EARTH / NATURE
HEALTH / WELLBEING

OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENT INDOOR ENVIRONMENT

(OUTDOOR CLIMATE) (INDOOR CLIMATE)
(PLANNER & ARCHITECT)
(ARCHITECT & ENGINEER)
1. NATURAL (GOD’S CREATION)
1. CLOSED (100% ACTIVE)
2. MAN MADE
2. OPEN (100% PASSIVE)
3. HYBRID (ACTIVE + PASSIVE

DEVELOPMENT
NEGATIVE EFFECT POSITIVE EFFECT

BEHAVIOUR & ATTITUDE

(CONTROL / MANAGE)
08/16/09 9
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL
ISUES
MELTING OF ARCTIC (THE NORTH &
SOUTH POLES)

08/16/09 10
 CLIMATE CHANGE
+ 1°C Arctic is melting

Coral Reefs dying

+ 2°C

Amazon rainforest drying out

+ 3°C
Many coastal cities could be
flooded
+ 4°C

Increase in climate refugees

+ 5°C

Global Wipe Out

+ 6°C
08/16/09 11
 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL
ISUES
“THE QUALITY OF OUR NATIONAL
ENVIRONMENT IS DEGRADING DUE
TO UNCONTROLLED
DEVELOPMENT / (UNSUSTANABLE
DEVELOPMENT PRACTICES) ”

POSSIBLE CAUSES:
 HUMAN FACTOR (ATTITUDE)

08/16/09 12
  NO POSITIVE ATTITUDE SUCH AS:
 RESPONSIBLE (BERTANGGUNGJAWAB)
 THRUSTWORTHY (AMANAH)

 LIKE WELFARE WORKS (SUKA KEBAJIKAN)

 COSIDERATE (BERTIMBANGRASA)

 GENEROUS (PEMURAH)

 WORK WITH OTHERS (BERKERJASAMA)

 TOLERABLE (BERTOLAK ANSUR)

 NOT SELFISH (TIDAK BERSIKAP

MEMENTINGKAN DIRI SENDIRI)
 NOT GREEDY (TIDAK TAMAK)

 NOT EGOIST (TIDAK EGO)

 NOT ARROGANT (TIDAK SOMBONG)

 NOT STINGY (TIDAK (BAKHIL) -

(MAXIMISING PROFIT)
08/16/09 13
 LACK OF CONTROL & NEGATIVE
ATTITUDE

(POLLUTED / DIRTY)

DISTURBANCES
(BAD SMELL, UNWANTED SCIENERY)
(DISEASE OUTBREAK, INJURY, DEATH,
UNCOMFORTABLE, NOISY & DISTRUCTION
OF PROPERTIES ETC.)

PROPER ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

(GBI – SM4) & 7 KI
(SUSTAINABLE PLANNING & MANAGEMENT, HUMAN SKILLS)

08/16/09 14
 CURRENT ISSUES
APPARENT INCREASED IN AIR
TEMPERATURE
 MEAN DAY TEMPERATURE RISED UP FROM
320C TO 400C
 THE HOT CONDITION REMAIN TILL LATE
NIGHT
FREQUENT OCCURANCE OF FLASH
FLOOD
GROUND & BUILDINGS ON FIRE
HAZE (AIR QUALITY)
GROUND SETTLEMENT, LAND SLIDE
(BUILDINGS CRACK)
PROBLEMS OF BAD SMELL/TOXIC &
POLLUTION
08/16/09 15
PROBLEMS OF STORM & EXTREME
WIND CONDITIONS (2003, 2007 &
2008)

08/16/09 16
 PROBLEMS OF GROUND
SETTLEMENT

08/16/09 17
 EXAMPLES OF
LATEST LAND SLIDE:
20 NOV 2003 – HOUSE
OF GENERAL (B) TAN
SERI ISMAIL OMAR –
DISTRUCTION OF
PROPERTY & DEATH
MEI 2006 – LAND
SLIDE AT KAMPUNG
PASIR ULU KELANG -
DISTRUCTION OF
PROPERTY & DEATH

08/16/09 18
 KOTA
KINABALU
27 Jun 2006 –
NEWLY
REPAIRED
ROAD,
COLLAPSED
PARTLY
FALL ON
HOUSES

08/16/09 19
 LAND SLIDE AT BUKIT
ANTARABANGSA
6 DECEMBER 2008, 16
BUNGALOWS DISTROYED, 4
DEAD IN A LAND SLIDE AT
TAMAN BUKIT MEWAH &
TAMAN BUKIT UTAMA

08/16/09 20
 NATURAL DISASTER OR HUMAN
ERROR?
ROOF OF STADIUM
SULTAN MIZAN
COLLAPSED 3 JUN 09

JAYA
SUPERMARKET
IN PETALING
JAYA
COLLAPSED 29
MAY 09

08/16/09 21
 HAZE IN PENANG ISLAND
(2003/06)

08/16/09 22
 FRESH WATER SUPPLY (SCARE /
DEGRADING IN QUALITY):
 SOURCE OF FRESH WATER -
DISTURBED
 EXCESSIVE CLEARING OF FOREST
 DESTRUCTION OF FOREST & HILLS
(WATER CATCHMENT AREA)
 TOO MANY HARD SURFACES WITHOUT
TURFING & GROUND COVER
 POLLUTED WATER MIXED UP WITH
FRESH WATER.

08/16/09 23
TREES AND VEGETATION ARE NATURAL
AGENT IN LOWERING DOWN AIR
TEMPERATURE, FILTERING SOLAR HEAT
& DILUTING AIR POLLUTION

08/16/09 24
 GROUND & BUSH FIRE

08/16/09 25
FLASH FLOOD IN KUALA LUMPUR
(2001 & 2007)

08/16/09 26
 FLASH FLOOD IN KUALA
LUMPUR (2001 & 2007)

11 JUN 2007

08/16/09 27
 PROBLEMS OF FLASH FLOOD
(2003)

KUALA LUMPUR 10 JUNE 2003 (Source: Utusan Malaysia 11/6/2003)

08/16/09 28
 FLOOD IN JOHORE (2007)

13 JANUARY 2007

08/16/09 29
 FLOOD IN THE EAST COAST
(KOTA BAHARU, DEC 2004)

08/16/09 30
 PROBLEMS OF WASTE DISPOSAL
(DOMESTIC & INDUSTRIAL)
 SOLID WASTE – COLLECTION & DISPOSAL
 HIGH DENSITY HOUSING (FLATS – LOCATION OF
RUBBISH CHUTE / DUMP & RESIDENT’S ATTITUDE)
 LIQUID WASTE – SANITARY & TOXIC
 PROCESSING TANKS / OXIDATION PONDS – NOT
FUNCTIONING PROPERLY, UNSUITABLE LOCATION
 EFFLUENT FROM (PIG FARM) DISCHARGED INTO
RIVERS WITHOUT PROPER TREATMENT ( JE
EPIDEMICS & SMELL POLLUTION)
 OIL SPILL
 OIL SPILL IN TOURIST SPOTS & FISH SANCTUARY

08/16/09 31
 PROBLEMS OF WASTE DISPOSAL

16,000 TON RUBBISH PER DAY / 800 GRAM PER PERSON

08/16/09 32
 TRADITIONAL DUMPING
OF SOLID WASTE

08/16/09 33
PROBLEMS OF WASTE COLLECTION SYSTEM
YEAR 2000
THERE ARE
230 WASTE
DISPOSAL
CENTRES
NOW LEFT
WITH 170 (112
IN PENINSULA
MALAYSIA)
80% WILL BE
CLOSED BY
THE YEAR 2010

08/16/09 34
 WATER & AIR POLLUTION

08/16/09 35
 EXAMPLE: RIVER POLLUTION
(PENANG ISLAND)

08/16/09 36
 EXAMPLE: RIVER POLLUTION
(PENANG ISLAND)

08/16/09 37
 EXAMPLE: RIVER POLLUTION
(SELANGOR)

08/16/09 38
 CAUSES OF POLLUTION

08/16/09 39
 STATUS OF THE MAIN NATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS
(WATER, AIR, FOREST & BEACHES)
WATER (MOST IMPORTANT – MOST
POLLUTED)
USES
 DOMESTIC USE (DRINKING, WASHING,
COOKING, BATHING)
 INDUSTRY & PUBLIC USE (IRRIGATION,
FISHERY, PROCESSING, ELECTRIC)
WATER MANAGEMENT (FRESH WATER &
WASTE WATER)
 “PUBLIC HEALTH ENGINEERING”
 “SANITARY ENGINEERING”

08/16/09 40
 WATER - 45% BODY WEIGHT CONTENT
RMK5 (1991-95), RM2,467 BILLION FOR
WATER SUPPLY PROJECTS
CONSUMPTION – 5 MILLION LITRE
WATER PER DAY – REQUIRE ANOTHER
400 TREATMENT PLANTS
FUTURE WATER CONSUMPTION:
 DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRY – 2.6 BILLION M3 ,
5.8 BILLION M3 IN THE YEAR 2020
 AGRICULTURE - 9 BILLION M3 , 13.2 BILLION
M3 IN THE YEAR 2020

08/16/09 41
 MAIN REASONS FOR THE
DECLINING QUALITY OF WATER
RESOURCES
LOGGING & FOREST CLEARING
CHANGE OF LAND USE
WASTE DISPOSAL
ACID RAIN
DEVELOPMENT IN THE HIGHLAND
AREA (WATER CATCHMENT AREA)

08/16/09 42
 WATER QUALITY STANDARD
 pH = 6.5 UP TO 8.5
CONSERVATION OF WATER
RESOURCES
 WATER RECYCLING
 USED OF RAIN WATER FROM ROOFS

 REDUCTION OF WATER LOSSES –

REPLACING LEAKING & OLD PIPES
 EDUCATION (CHANGE THE LAVISH
ATTITUDE)

08/16/09 43
 SIGN OF POLLUTIONS
FREQUENT OCCURRENCE OF FLASH
FLOODS IN MAJOR CITIES (KL ETC) –
UNCONTROLLED DEVELOPMENT
PROCESS : EXAMPLES;
 CUTTING OF HILL LAND IN KLANG VELLY
AREA & CAMERON HLD. – EROSION –
SEDIMENTATION OF MUD IN KLANG RIVER.
WASTE POLLUTION (WASTE DISPOSAL
FROM PALM OIL & RUBBER MILLS,
EFFLUENT DISCHARGED FROM ANIMAL
FARMS AND FACTORIES)
 1976 – 42 RIVERS ARE CATEGORISED AS
POLLUTED
 16 ARE HIGHLY PULLUTED (SG.PINANG)

08/16/09 44
  i) INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER (CLOROFORM,
BIFENIL, PLUMBUM ETC.)
 STEEL INDUSTRIES – 29%
 TEXTILE INDUSTRIES – 15 %

 GAS INDUSTRIES – 14%

 ASBESTOST FACTORIES – 9%

 ii) HUMAN & ANIMAL WASTE WATER

(EFFLUENT & SANITATION WATER)
 DISCHARGED DIRECTLY INTO WATER SOURCES
 INCOMPLETE PROCESSING

 OVERFLOW INTO FRESH WATER SOURCES

DURING HEAVY RAIN

 LEAKED PIPES AND CROSSINGS

08/16/09 45
 CONTROL OF WATER QUALITY
(AKTA KUALITI ALAM SEKITAR 1974 PINDAAN 1985)

WATER IS BEING CONTROLLED BY ITS

CEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, PHYSICAL
CHARACTERISTIC & ITS CONTENT. (REVERSE
OSMOSIS, ELECTRO-DYLISIS, CARBON
ABSORPTION & CHEMICAL REACTION)
WASTE DISPOSAL MUST BE FILTERED FIRST
BEFORE DISPOSED INTO RIVERS OR WATER
COURSES.
CATCHMENT AREA & ITS SURROUNDING MUST
BE PROTECTED FROM BEING CLEARED.
ALL DOMESTIC WASTE WATER, FACTORIES &
ANIMAL FARMS – CHANNELED INTO ANY
TREATMENT PLANTS, CLEANED - DISPOSED.

08/16/09 46
 PROBLEMS TO BEACH & COAST
“COASTAL ECOSYSTEM ARE BEING DISTURBED
& DISTROYED”
COAST OF THE PENINSULAR ±2,300KM IN
LENGTH.
30% SETTLEMENTS CONCENTARTED ALONG
THE COAST.
CAUSES OF DISTURBANCES:
 MINING
 FISHING
 AQUACULTURE
 INDUSTRIES
 PETROLEUM
 SHIPPING
 AGRICULTURE
 HOUSING
08/16/09 47
 DISTRUCTION
CORAL REEFS:
 MOST OF THE ISLANDS ALONG THE EAST
COAST HAVE BEAUTIFUL CORAL REEFS.
 FUNCTION – WAVE BREAKER, FISHING (10 –
25%)
 DAMAGED BY:
 SUSPENSION (CLOUDINESS) → FOREST CLEARING.
(CLOUDINESS → LIMITS SOLAR RADIATION FOR
THE CORAL MICRO ORGANIASM TO GROW).
 EXAMPLE

 PULAU REDANG

08/16/09 48
 MANGROVE
THE STATUS OF MANGROVE FOREST:
 113,384 HECTRE, ALONG SELANGOR &
JOHOR COASTLINES (87%).
 DAMAGED BY:
 COASTAL FISHING ACTIVITIES
 WASTE DISPOSAL.

 CHANGE OF LAND USE.

 UNCONTROLLED LOGGING.

 EXAMPLES:
 KUANTAN, CENDERING
 RECLAIMATION OF MANGROVE SWAMP

08/16/09 49
  EXAMPLE:
 SELANGOR
 35% CHANGED INTO AGRICULTURE
 PULAU PINANG
 JELUTUNG & BATU FERRINGHI – SOLID WASTE
DISPOSED DIRECTLY INTO THE SEA
(ABNDONED IN 2003)
 BALIK PULAU – OIL EROSION (100M PER YEAR)
 BATU MAUNG - ORGANIC MATERIALS FROM PIG
FARMS
 KELANG & PULAU PINANG HARBOUR
 OIL SPILL
 OVERALL COASTLINES
 COASTAL FISHERY

08/16/09 50
 AIR / WIND QUALITY
(N2=78%, O2=21%, Ar=1%, CO2=0.003%)

IMPORTANT (QUALITY & QUANTITY) FOR:

 RESPIRATION (FRESH AIR)
 VENTILATION (MOVING AIR / WIND)

BASIC LIVING REQUIREMENTS

 GROWING OF PLANTS
 GROWING OF ANIMALS
 MADIUM OF OTHER ELEMENTS (LIGHT AND
HEAT)
 DETERMINANTS IN THE FORMATION OF
WHETHER AND CLIMATE (TEMPERATURE,
WATER VAPOUR, FLOW PATTERN AND
SPEED & RADIATION)
08/16/09 51
 DEMOLISHION OF HILLS (USM)

08/16/09 52
 DEFINITION OF AIR POLLUTION

“ AIR POLLUTION MEANS

CONTAMINATION BY ONE OR MORE
CONTAMINANTS OR ITS
COMBINATIONS IN THE AIR, WITHIN
A SPECIFIC QUANTITY & DURATION
THAT CAN OR TEND TO CAUSE
DISTURBANCES”

08/16/09 53
 EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTON:
 DESEASE OUTBREAKS
 DESTRUCTION, DEFECT TO HUMAN &
PLANTS
 DISTURBANCES IN ENJOYING LIFE
 DISTURBANCES IN VIEWING
 DESTRUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL
ELEMENTS
 EXAMPLES:
 GLOOMY CONDITION IN KELANG VELLY (HAZE)
 THICK SMOKE CONTAINING SULPHUR & NITROGEN
OXIDE
 EFFECTS:

EYE, NOSE & THROAT DESEASES.



CLEAN AIR STANDARD:

 (1PPM) – 1 CUBIC UNIT POLLUTANTS GAS CONTAIN IN 1
MILLION CUBIC UNIT OF A SIMILAR AIR (µg/m3)

08/16/09 54
 TYPES OF AIR POLLUTION:

TYPES ELEMENTS EXAMPLES

1. PARTICLES SOLID ASH, SMOKE, FOG, FLYING
ASH
LIQUID MIST, SPRAY, FOG
2. ORGANIC HIDROCARBON HEXANE, BENZANE,
GASES METANE, BUTANE,
CLORINATED
HIDROCARBON
ALDIHIDE
FORMALDEHIDE
KETON
ACETONE, ALCOHOL
3. INORGANIC CARBON OXIDE CO, CO2
GASES NITROGEN OXIDE NO2, NITRIC OXSIDE
SULPHUR OXIDE SO2, SO3
OTHERS H2S, HF, AMONIA

08/16/09 55
 1. PARTICLES:
 BURNING OF FUELS – COAL, PETROL, DISEL –
CARS, POWER STATIONS.
 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES – GRINDING,
MELTING, DRYING & BREAKING – RICE HUSK,
QUARRY.
 NATURAL PEROCESSES – VOLCENO
ERUPTION, DESERT WINDS, FOREST FIRE.
 EFFECTS:
 BECOME “NUCLEI” CONDENSATION – CLOUDS &
SNOW.
 REDUCE VIEWING DISTANCE.

 EFFECT TO LIVING – ORGANISM.

 REDUCES TOTAL SOLAR RADIATION.

 TO HUMAN – CANCER, TOXIC, POISONOUS

 TO ELEMENTS - SURFACE DESTRUCTION,

RUSTING, DIRTY.

08/16/09 56
 2. ORGANIC & INORGANIC GASSES :
 CARBON OXIDE
 CO MORE HARMFUL – ODOURLESS, COLOURLESS,
LONG LIFE SPAN.
 EFFECT
 CHANGES PHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEM → POISONOUS
& SUFFOCATION.
 SULPHUR OXSIDE
 MOST QUANTITY & DANGEROUS → SORE THROAT.
 PRODUCT OF BURNING COAL & ACID FACTORY.

 EFFECT
 DELAY IN DRYING OF PAINTWORK, BLEACHING OF
COLOUR.

08/16/09 57
  ACID RAIN
 SULPHUR OXIDE & NITROGEN OXIDE CHANGES TO
ACID AT CLOUD LEVEL + WATER VAPOUR. (pH 2.0 –
6.0)
 EFFECT
 DAMAGES TO BUILDING.
 DAMAGES TO PLANTS.
 DISTURBANCES TO ANIMAL.
 REDUCES WATER QUALITY.

 SMELL & NOISE POLLUTION

 BAD SMELL
 OXIDATION PONDS
 POLLUTED RIVER & STREAM (EXAMPLE – SMELL OF
PIG EFFLUENT)
 NOISE
 DOE 1992 – MALAYSIA IS ONE OF THE NOISIEST
COUNTRY (55dB)

08/16/09 58
 CLIMATIC CHANGE
 URBAN CLIMATE (HEAT ISLAND)
 GLASS/GREEN HOUSE EFFECT
 AVERAGE TEMPERATURE INCREASES BY 1
DEG.C AFTER 10 YEARS.
 SOURCE:
 HIGH RATE OF POLLUTION
 TOO MANY HARD SURFACES

 LESSER TREE & GREEN AREA

 TRAFIC CONGESTION

 TOO MANY DESTRUCTION

08/16/09 59
 CONTROL:
 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT 1974 –
INSUFFICIENT TO CONTROL THE
WHOLE ENVIRONMENT.
 CONTROL & PREVENT POLLUTION AT
SOURCE
 “ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESMENT
(EIA) TO IMPROVE PLANNING & APPROVAL
OF DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS.
 IMPLEMENTATION OF “GREEN BUILDING
INDEX (GBI)”
 EVALUATION MADE IN 1992 NEED TO
BE IMPLEMENTED IMMEDIATELY.

08/16/09 60
 METHOD OF CONTROL:
 PROTECT WATER CATCHMENT AREA
 PREVENT DEFORESTRATION

 FILTER ALL WASTE DISPOSAL

 INTEGRATED WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM

 CONTROL BY EVERY MINISTRIES

 CHECK EMMISSION TO AIR BY:

 FILTERATION, ADSORPTION, ABSORPTION
 CONVERSION (BY CHEMICAL ACTION)

 EXAMPLE – ABSORPTION USING LIQUID

SPRAY TO THE POLLUTED AIR.

08/16/09 61
 THE SUCCESS OF ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTROL / MANAGEMENT IN
ORDER TO ACHIEVE SUSTANABLE
DEVELOPMENT DEPENDS ON
ATTITUDE
 ALL MUST BE AWARE
 ALL MUST TAKE ACTION

 NATIONAL & INTERNATIONAL

PROBLEMS
“RIO DECLARATION” (AGENDA 21)?
“LANGKAWI DECLARATION” ?
“SOUTH AFRICA DECLARATION”?

08/16/09 62