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Physiology of Limbic System by Dr. Roomi
Physiology of Limbic System by Dr. Roomi
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Limbic cortex:
Consists of a ring of cortical tissue around the hilus of cerebral hemisphere. Phylogenetically, limbic cortex is the oldest part of the cerebral cortex. It consists of: Orbitofrontal cortex Sub-callosal gyrus Cingulate gyrus Parahippocampal gyrus Uncus
Punishment Centers:
1. central gray area surrounding the aqueduct of Sylvius in the mesencephalon 2. periventricular zones of the hypothalamus and thalamus. 3. some locations in the amygdala and hippocampus.
DEPRESSION Cause: Depression is caused by decreased levels of NE and/or serotonin in the limbic system. Symptoms of depression are: 1.Intense sadness and despair 2.Anxiety 3.Loss of ability to concentrate 4.Pessimism 5.Feelings of low self esteem 6.Insomnia or hypersomnia 7.Increased or decreased appetite 8.Changes in body temperature and endocrine gland function
Amygdala:
Has a centers for punishment and reward Involved in olfaction (important in animals) Control of behavior & emotion Control of sexual function In monkeys, bilateral destruction of amygdala KLUVER BUCY SYNDROME
Hippocampus
Has a center for punishment Role in control of behavior & emotions On weak electrical stimulation epilepsy-like fit. Fit is accompanied by hallucination (tactile / visual / olfactory / auditory) Probably one of the reasons for this hyperexcitability of the hippocampi is that they have a different type of cortex from that elsewhere in the cerebrum, having only three layers in some of its areas instead of the six layers found elsewhere. In some patients of epilepsy, removal of hippocampus gives benefit. It is our memory consolidation centre.**** Bilateral destruction of hippocampus anterograde amnesia (loss of recent memory)***
Alzheimer's disease
Pre-senile dementia is the most common form of dementia In Alzheimer's disease, the hippocampus is one of the first regions of the brain to suffer damage As the disease advances, symptoms can include confusion, irritability, aggression, mood swings, trouble with language, and long-term memory loss. reduced synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine extracellular beta-amyloid (A) deposits Neurofibrillary tangles in the axons