The Tools

Basic Principles

ELIAS ABLLAH OCTOBER 2011 UKM

Physical Properties
Lithology Boundary Velocity Density

Fluid Type
Water Saturation

Porosity
Clay content

Fracture
Dipping

Probe / Sonde Types

Caliper Log

Electric Logs

Radioactivity

Sonic Acoustic Log

Probe / Sonde Types

Caliper Log

Electric Logs

Self Potential; SP Resistivity Log

Normal Laterolog Induction

Radioactivity

Sonic Acoustic Log

Probe / Sonde Types

Caliper Log

Electric Logs

Radioactivity

Gamma Ray Total Spectrometry U, Th, K Neutron Log Density Log Lithodensity

Sonic Acoustic Log

Probe / Sonde Types

Caliper Log

Electric Logs

Radioactivity

Sonic Acoustic Log

Caliper
Measure the borehole diameter Borehole diameter changes due to
Drill bit shakes Cave in
Profile Log

3 arms @ 6 arms

Caliper

Gamma Ray Logs

measures both natural & induced radioactivity characteristic of the formations
U, Th. Po, Total Gamma Profile Log

Geiger Muller counter @ scintillation detector Stand alone @ combination with others (sonic, neutron, Density, Induction)
1 or more receiver

GR Application
Defining Bed boundary
Shale indicator Correlation for open hole & cased hole

Gamma Ray Logs

Another common log
Records radioactivity of a formation Shales have high gamma radioactive response Gamma ray logs infer grain size (and so subsequently inferred depositional energy) Gamma ray logs are most commonly used logs for sequence stratigraphic analysis

Electric Logs
L

Measure the resistance of the earth layer

Resistance / Conductivity

Dry Solid rock =0

Porous rock oil

No salt No conductivity High Resistivity

No salt No conductivity High Resistivity

Resistance / Conductivity (same porosity; diff. fluid)

Porous rock Fresh water

Porous rock Salty water

No salt No conductivity High Resistivity

salt present high conductivity low Resistivity

Resistance / Conductivity (same porosity; diff. salinity)

Porous rock Moderate salt

Porous rock High salt

salt present moderate conductivity

salt present High conductivity

Resistance / Conductivity (diff. porosity; same fluid)

Small porosity Salty water

Highly Porous rock Salty water

salt present small conductivity high Resistivity

salt present high conductivity low Resistivity

Resistance / Conductivity (same porosity; diff. fluid ratio)

Porous rock 20% Salt water 80% oil

Porous rock 80% Salt water 20% oil

Low conductivity High Resistivity

high conductivity low Resistivity

Borehole condition

Borehole condition

example

Rm > Rmc > Rxo > Rt

 To determine Rt accurately, tools were designed with different depths of investigation

Shallow investigation tools
Microresistivity resistiity of invaded zone

Deep investigation tools

Laterolog, Inductions resistivity of uninvaded zone

Resistivity Logs

The most commonly used logs

Measures resistance of flow of electric current Is function of porosity & pore fluid in rock Frequently used to identify lithology

SP Logs
SP curves are caused by electromotive force in the formation
Electro Chemical
Membrane potential
Re

Profile Log

Electro Kinetic
of the movement
Re

Tr

1 or more receiver

SP Logs
Difference in salinity creates an electrical potential The magnitude of deflection indicate the difference in salinity between the drilling fluid and the formation water.

Shale to + Impervious Clsand

High NaCl Contentration

less Salty wate r

+ Salty water

SP Logs
Shale base line

The value is also influenced by the thickness of the beds, the shaliness of the permeable beds, and others

Mud filled hole

SP Logs

deep Salinity of mud < salinity of formation water

intermediate Salinity of mud = salinity of formation water

shallow Salinity of mud > salinity of formation water

NORMAL SP

SUPPRESSED SP

REVERSE SP

SP Application
Define Boundary Detection of permeable beds Correlation Evaluate formation water resistivity Bed shaliness

Spontaneous Potential (SP) Logs

Next most common log
Measures electrical current in well Result of salinity differences between formation water and the borehole mud Separates bed boundaries of permeable sands & impermeable shales.

Neutron Logs
Radioactive tool (2)
Radioactive source bombards the rock around well bore Neutron bombardment causes rocks to emit gamma rays in proportion to their hydrogen content. The gamma ray will be detected by the sonde

 Hydrogen exist in all formation fluids (oil, gas, water), but not in the minerals
Thus indirect indicator on the Porosity
R

Profile Log

Problem shale (bounded water)

1 or more receiver

Neutron Logs
Another common log
Measures porosity of formation Uses quantity of hydrogen present Measures lithology when used with Density Log

Density Logs
Radioactive tool (3)
Radioactive source emit gamma radiation & records the gamma returning from the formations Gamma-gamma tools

Profile Log

1 or more receiver

Density Logs
A common log
Measures formations bulk density Used as a porosity measure Differentiates lithologies with Neutron Log Used with Sonic Logs to generate synthetic seismic traces to match to seismic lines

Common Density
g/cm3 Sandstone Limestone Dolomite Shale 2.65 2.71 2.87 1.9 2.7

Acoustic Logs
Measure time taken for sound wave to travel through different material Acoustic velocity depends on
Rock type & Porosity
Re

Profile Log

Re

Tr

1 or more receiver

Sonic (Acoustic) Logs

Another common log
Measures of speed of sound in formation Tied to porosity and lithology Used with Density Logs to generate Synthetic Seismic traces to match to Seismic traces

Lithology (porosity = 0)
Sandstone Limestone Dolomite Anhydrite Halite Fluid (fresh water / oil)

velocity ft/s
18,00021,000 21,00023,000 23,000 20,000 15,000 5,300

m/s
5,400 6,300 6,300 7,000 7,000 6,000 4,500 1,500

Composite Log

Other Logs
Temperature Pressure Televiewer Image NMR Dip Meter