C04-Wireless Telecommunication Systems

Mobile Communications Chapter 4: Wireless Telecommunication Systems
Market GSM
Overview Services Sub-systems Components
DECT TETRA UMTS/IMT-2000
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/
MC SS02
4.1
Mobile phone subscribers worldwide

1200
1000 Subscribers [million] GSM total
800
TDMA total
CDMA total PDC total Analogue total Total wireless Prediction (1998)
600
400
200
0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
year
MC SS02
4.2
Development of mobile telecommunication systems

FDMA CT0/1 AMPS NMT
CT2
IS-136 TDMA D-AMPS GSM PDC GPRS
IMT-FT DECT EDGE IMT-SC IS-136HS UWC-136 IMT-DS UTRA FDD / W-CDMA IMT-TC UTRA TDD / TD-CDMA IMT-TC TD-SCDMA
CDMA
TDMA
IS-95 cdmaOne
cdma2000 1X
1G
2G
2.5G
IMT-MC cdma2000 1X EV-DO 1X EV-DV (3X) 3G

MC SS02 4.3
GSM: Overview
GSM

formerly: Groupe Spciale Mobile (founded 1982) now: Global System for Mobile Communication Pan-European standard (ETSI, European Telecommunications Standardisation Institute) simultaneous introduction of essential services in three phases (1991, 1994, 1996) by the European telecommunication administrations (Germany: D1 and D2) seamless roaming within Europe possible today many providers all over the world use GSM (more than 184 countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, America) more than 747 million subscribers more than 70% of all digital mobile phones use GSM over 10 billion SMS per month in Germany, > 360 billion/year worldwide
MC SS02
4.4
Performance characteristics of GSM (wrt. analog sys.)

Communication
mobile, wireless communication; support for voice and data services
Total mobility
international access, chip-card enables use of access points of different providers

one number, the network handles localization better frequency efficiency, smaller cells, more customers per cell high audio quality and reliability for wireless, uninterrupted phone calls at higher speeds (e.g., from cars, trains) access control, authentication via chip-card and PIN
Worldwide connectivity
High capacity
High transmission quality
Security functions
MC SS02
4.5
Disadvantages of GSM
There is no perfect system!! no end-to-end encryption of user data no full ISDN bandwidth of 64 kbit/s to the user, no transparent Bchannel

reduced concentration while driving electromagnetic radiation abuse of private data possible roaming profiles accessible high complexity of the system several incompatibilities within the GSM standards
MC SS02
4.6
GSM: Mobile Services

GSM offers

several types of connections
voice connections, data connections, short message service
multi-service options (combination of basic services)
Three service domains
Bearer Services Telematic Services Supplementary Services

bearer services MS TE MT GSM-PLMN transit network (PSTN, ISDN) tele services source/ destination network TE
R, S
Um
(U, S, R)
MC SS02
4.7
Bearer Services

Telecommunication services to transfer data between access points Specification of services up to the terminal interface (OSI layers 1-3) Different data rates for voice and data (original standard)
data service (circuit switched)
synchronous: 2.4, 4.8 or 9.6 kbit/s asynchronous: 300 - 1200 bit/s
data service (packet switched)
synchronous: 2.4, 4.8 or 9.6 kbit/s asynchronous: 300 - 9600 bit/s
Today: data rates of approx. 50 kbit/s possible will be covered later!
MC SS02
4.8
Tele Services I

Telecommunication services that enable voice communication via mobile phones All these basic services have to obey cellular functions, security measurements etc. Offered services
mobile telephony primary goal of GSM was to enable mobile telephony offering the traditional bandwidth of 3.1 kHz Emergency number common number throughout Europe (112); mandatory for all service providers; free of charge; connection with the highest priority (preemption of other connections possible) Multinumbering several ISDN phone numbers per user possible
MC SS02
4.9
Tele Services II
Additional services
Non-Voice-Teleservices
group 3 fax voice mailbox (implemented in the fixed network supporting the mobile terminals) electronic mail (MHS, Message Handling System, implemented in the fixed network) ...
Short Message Service (SMS) alphanumeric data transmission to/from the mobile terminal using the signaling channel, thus allowing simultaneous use of basic services and SMS
MC SS02
4.10
Supplementary services

Services in addition to the basic services, cannot be offered stand-alone Similar to ISDN services besides lower bandwidth due to the radio link May differ between different service providers, countries and protocol versions Important services

identification: forwarding of caller number suppression of number forwarding automatic call-back conferencing with up to 7 participants locking of the mobile terminal (incoming or outgoing calls) ...
MC SS02
4.11
Architecture of the GSM system

GSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)
several providers setup mobile networks following the GSM standard within each country components
MS (mobile station) BS (base station) MSC (mobile switching center) LR (location register)
subsystems
RSS (radio subsystem): covers all radio aspects NSS (network and switching subsystem): call forwarding, handover, switching OSS (operation subsystem): management of the network
MC SS02
4.12
GSM: overview
OMC, EIR, AUC HLR NSS with OSS VLR MSC GMSC fixed network
VLR
MSC
BSC BSC RSS
MC SS02
4.13
GSM: elements and interfaces
radio cell MS Um MS BSS
radio cell BTS MS
RSS
BTS Abis BSC BSC
A
MSC NSS MSC signaling GMSC IWF O OSS EIR AUC OMC ISDN, PSTN PDN
VLR HLR
VLR
MC SS02
4.14
GSM: system architecture

radio subsystem MS MS ISDN PSTN Um BTS BTS SS7 Abis BSC EIR MSC network and switching subsystem fixed partner networks
HLR
BTS BSC BTS BSS A MSC IWF
VLR
ISDN PSTN PSPDN CSPDN
MC SS02
4.15
System architecture: radio subsystem

radio subsystem MS MS network and switching subsystem
Components
Um BTS BTS Abis BSC
MS (Mobile Station) BSS (Base Station Subsystem): consisting of

MSC

BTS (Base Transceiver Station): sender and receiver BSC (Base Station Controller): controlling several transceivers
Interfaces
BTS BTS BSS BSC
A MSC
Um : radio interface Abis : standardized, open interface with 16 kbit/s user channels A: standardized, open interface with 64 kbit/s user channels
MC SS02
4.16
System architecture: network and switching subsystem

network subsystem fixed partner networks
Components
MSC (Mobile Services Switching Center): IWF (Interworking Functions) ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) PSPDN (Packet Switched Public Data Net.) CSPDN (Circuit Switched Public Data Net.)
ISDN PSTN MSC
EIR SS7
HLR
Databases
VLR MSC IWF ISDN PSTN PSPDN CSPDN
HLR (Home Location Register) VLR (Visitor Location Register) EIR (Equipment Identity Register)
MC SS02
4.17
Radio subsystem
The Radio Subsystem (RSS) comprises the cellular mobile network up to the switching centers Components
Base Station Subsystem (BSS):
Base Transceiver Station (BTS): radio components including sender, receiver, antenna - if directed antennas are used one BTS can cover several cells Base Station Controller (BSC): switching between BTSs, controlling BTSs, managing of network resources, mapping of radio channels (Um) onto terrestrial channels (A interface)
BSS = BSC + sum(BTS) + interconnection
Mobile Stations (MS)
MC SS02
4.18
GSM: cellular network

segmentation of the area into cells
possible radio coverage of the cell
cell
idealized shape of the cell
use of several carrier frequencies not the same frequency in adjoining cells cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user density, geography, transceiver power etc. hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap, shapes depend on geography) if a mobile user changes cells handover of the connection to the neighbor cell
MC SS02 4.19
Example coverage of GSM networks (www.gsmworld.com)

T-Mobile (GSM-900/1800) Berlin
Vodafone (GSM-900/1800)
e-plus (GSM-1800)
O2 (GSM-1800)
MC SS02
4.20
Base Transceiver Station and Base Station Controller

Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTS BTS comprises radio specific functions BSC is the switching center for radio channels
Functions Management of radio channels Frequency hopping (FH) Management of terrestrial channels Mapping of terrestrial onto radio channels Channel coding and decoding Rate adaptation Encryption and decryption Paging Uplink signal measurements Traffic measurement Authentication Location registry, location update Handover management BTS X BSC X X X X
X X X X X
X X X X X X
MC SS02
4.21
Mobile station
Terminal for the use of GSM services A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups
MT (Mobile Terminal):
offers common functions used by all services the MS offers corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access end-point of the radio interface (Um)
TA (Terminal Adapter):
terminal adaptation, hides radio specific characteristics
TE (Terminal Equipment):
peripheral device of the MS, offers services to a user does not contain GSM specific functions
SIM (Subscriber Identity Module):
personalization of the mobile terminal, stores user parameters
TE R
TA S
MT
Um
4.22
MC SS02
Network and switching subsystem

NSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM
switching, mobility management, interconnection to other networks, system control
Components
Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC) controls all connections via a separated network to/from a mobile terminal within the domain of the MSC - several BSC can belong to a MSC Databases (important: scalability, high capacity, low delay)
Home Location Register (HLR) central master database containing user data, permanent and semi-permanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs) Visitor Location Register (VLR) local database for a subset of user data, including data about all user currently in the domain of the VLR
MC SS02
4.23
Mobile Services Switching Center

The MSC (mobile switching center) plays a central role in GSM

switching functions additional functions for mobility support management of network resources interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC) integration of several databases specific functions for paging and call forwarding termination of SS7 (signaling system no. 7) mobility specific signaling location registration and forwarding of location information provision of new services (fax, data calls) support of short message service (SMS) generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information
Functions of a MSC
MC SS02
4.24
Operation subsystem
The OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation, management, and maintenance of all GSM subsystems Components
Authentication Center (AUC)
generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
registers GSM mobile stations and user rights stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes even localized
Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)
different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network subsystem
MC SS02
4.25
GSM - TDMA/FDMA
935-960 MHz 124 channels (200 kHz) downlink
890-915 MHz 124 channels (200 kHz) uplink
higher GSM frame structures

time
GSM TDMA frame 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4.615 ms GSM time-slot (normal burst)

guard space tail user data S Training S user data guard tail space
3 bits
57 bits
1 26 bits 1
57 bits
546.5 s 577 s
4.26
MC SS02
GSM hierarchy of frames

hyperframe 0 1 2 ... superframe 2045 2046 2047 3 h 28 min 53.76 s
0
0
1
1
...
...
48
24
49
50
25 6.12 s
multiframe
1
0 1
...
2 frame
24
...
25
48 49 50
120 ms 235.4 ms
1
slot burst
...
4.615 ms
577 s
MC SS02
4.27
GSM protocol layers for signaling
Um MS
CM MM RR RR LAPDm radio LAPDm radio BTSM LAPD PCM
Abis BTS BSC
A MSC
CM
MM
RR BTSM LAPD PCM PCM PCM
BSSAP
BSSAP
SS7
SS7
16/64 kbit/s
64 kbit/s / 2.048 Mbit/s
MC SS02
4.28
Mobile Terminated Call

1: calling a GSM subscriber 2: forwarding call to GMSC 3: signal call setup to HLR 4, 5: request MSRN from VLR 6: forward responsible MSC to GMSC 7: forward call to current MSC 8, 9: get current status of MS 10, 11: paging of MS 12, 13: MS answers 14, 15: security checks 16, 17: set up connection
HLR
4 5 7
VLR
3 6
calling station 1 PSTN
8 9 14 15
MSC
GMSC
10
BSS
10 13 16
BSS
10
BSS
11
11 11 12 17
MS
11
MC SS02
4.29
Mobile Originated Call

1, 2: connection request 3, 4: security check 5-8: check resources (free circuit) 9-10: set up call
VLR
3 4 6
PSTN GMSC
5
MSC
2 9
MS
1 10
BSS
MC SS02
4.30
MTC/MOC
MS
MTC
paging request channel request immediate assignment paging response authentication request
BTS
MS
MOC
channel request immediate assignment service request authentication request
BTS
authentication response ciphering command ciphering complete setup call confirmed assignment command assignment complete alerting connect connect acknowledge data/speech exchange
authentication response ciphering command ciphering complete setup call confirmed assignment command assignment complete alerting connect connect acknowledge data/speech exchange
MC SS02
4.31
4 types of handover
1 MS
2 MS
3 MS
4 MS
BTS
BTS BSC
BTS BSC MSC
BTS BSC MSC
MC SS02
4.32
Handover decision
receive level BTSold
receive level BTSold
HO_MARGIN MS BTSold MS BTSnew
MC SS02
4.33
Handover procedure
MS BTSold BSCold measurement measurement report result MSC BSCnew BTSnew
HO decision HO required
HO request resource allocation ch. activation
HO command
HO command
HO command
HO request ack ch. activation ack
HO access
Link establishment clear command clear command clear complete HO complete HO complete
clear complete
MC SS02
4.34
Security in GSM
Security services
access control/authentication
user SIM (Subscriber Identity Module): secret PIN (personal identification number) SIM network: challenge response method
confidentiality
voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
secret: A3 and A8 available via the Internet network providers can use stronger mechanisms
anonymity
temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity) newly assigned at each new location update (LUP) encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM
A3 for authentication (secret, open interface) A5 for encryption (standardized) A8 for key generation (secret, open interface)
MC SS02 4.35
GSM - authentication
mobile network Ki AC 128 bit RAND 128 bit RAND
SIM RAND 128 bit Ki 128 bit
A3
SRES* 32 bit SRES
A3
SIM 32 bit
MSC
SRES* =? SRES
SRES 32 bit
SRES
Ki: individual subscriber authentication key
SRES: signed response MC SS02 4.36
GSM - key generation and encryption
mobile network (BTS) Ki AC 128 bit RAND 128 bit RAND
MS with SIM RAND 128 bit Ki 128 bit SIM
A8
cipher key Kc 64 bit
A8
Kc 64 bit
BSS
data
A5
encrypted data
SRES data MS A5
MC SS02
4.37
Data services in GSM I

Data transmission standardized with only 9.6 kbit/s
advanced coding allows 14,4 kbit/s not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)
mainly software update bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate) (e.g., 57.6 kbit/s using 4 slots, 14.4 each) advantage: ready to use, constant quality, simple disadvantage: channels blocked for voice transmission
AIUR [kbit/s] 4.8 9.6 14.4 19.2 28.8 38.4 43.2 57.6 TCH/F4.8 1 2 3 4 TCH/F9.6 1 1 2 3 4 2 3 4
MC SS02 4.38
TCH/F14.4
Data services in GSM II

GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)

packet switching using free slots only if data packets ready to send (e.g., 50 kbit/s using 4 slots temporarily) standardization 1998, introduction 2001 advantage: one step towards UMTS, more flexible disadvantage: more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements
GSN (GPRS Support Nodes): GGSN and SGSN GGSN (Gateway GSN)
interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network) supports the MS (location, billing, security) user addresses
SGSN (Serving GSN)
GR (GPRS Register)
MC SS02
4.39
GPRS quality of service
Reliability class
Lost SDU probability 10-9 10-4 10-2
Duplicate SDU probability 10-9 10-5 10-5
1 2 3
Out of sequence SDU probability 10-9 10-5 10-5
Corrupt SDU probability 10-9 10-6 10-2
Delay class 1 2 3 4
SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byte mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile < 0.5 s < 1.5 s <2s <7s <5s < 25 s < 15 s < 75 s < 50 s < 250 s < 75 s < 375 s unspecified
MC SS02
4.40
Examples for GPRS device classes
Class 1 2 3 5 8 10
Receiving slots 1 2 2 2 4 4
Sending slots 1 1 2 2 1 2
Maximum number of slots 2 3 3 4 5 5
12
MC SS02
4.41
GPRS user data rates in kbit/s
Coding scheme CS-1 CS-2 CS-3 CS-4
1 slot
2 slots
3 slots
4 slots
5 slots
6 slots
7 slots
8 slots
9.05 13.4 15.6 21.4
18.2 26.8 31.2 42.8
27.15 40.2 46.8 64.2
36.2 53.6 62.4 85.6
45.25 67 78 107
54.3 80.4 93.6 128.4
63.35 93.8 109.2 149.8
72.4 107.2 124.8 171.2
MC SS02
4.42
GPRS architecture and interfaces
SGSN Gn
MS
BSS
SGSN
GGSN
PDN
Um
Gb
Gn
Gi
MSC
HLR/ GR EIR
VLR
MC SS02
4.43
GPRS protocol architecture
MS
apps. IP/X.25 SNDCP LLC RLC MAC radio
Um
BSS
Gb
SGSN
Gn GGSN
Gi
IP/X.25
SNDCP
LLC RLC MAC radio

BSSGP BSSGP
GTP UDP/TCP IP L1/L2
GTP UDP/TCP IP L1/L2
FR
FR
MC SS02
4.44
DECT
DECT (Digital European Cordless Telephone) standardized by ETSI (ETS 300.175-x) for cordless telephones standard describes air interface between base-station and mobile phone DECT has been renamed for international marketing reasons into Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunication Characteristics

frequency: 1880-1990 MHz channels: 120 full duplex duplex mechanism: TDD (Time Division Duplex) with 10 ms frame length multplexing scheme: FDMA with 10 carrier frequencies, TDMA with 2x 12 slots modulation: digital, Gauian Minimum Shift Key (GMSK) power: 10 mW average (max. 250 mW) range: approx. 50 m in buildings, 300 m open space
MC SS02
4.45
DECT system architecture reference model
D4 PA PT
D3 D2 VDB local network D1 FT HDB
FT
PA
PT
global network
local network
MC SS02
4.46
DECT reference model

C-Plane
signaling, interworking
U-Plane
application processes
management
network layer
OSI layer 3
close to the OSI reference model management plane over all layers several services in C(ontrol)- and U(ser)plane
data link control
data link control

OSI layer 2
medium access control
physical layer
OSI layer 1
MC SS02
4.47
DECT layers I
Physical layer
modulation/demodulation generation of the physical channel structure with a guaranteed throughput controlling of radio transmission
channel assignment on request of the MAC layer detection of incoming signals sender/receiver synchronization collecting status information for the management plane
MAC layer
maintaining basic services, activating/deactivating physical channels multiplexing of logical channels
e.g., C: signaling, I: user data, P: paging, Q: broadcast
segmentation/reassembly error control/error correction

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS02 4.48
DECT time multiplex frame

1 frame = 10 ms
12 down slots
12 up slots
0 0
slot sync
31 0 0
419
guard 420 bit + 52 s guard time (60 bit) in 0.4167 ms

387
D field A field
A: network control B: user data X: transmission quality

25.6 kbit/s simplex bearer 32 kbit/s
63 0
B field DATA
64
319 0
X field C
16
protected mode unprotected mode
C
16
DATA
64
DATA
64
C
16
DATA
64
C
16
DATA
MC SS02
4.49
DECT layers II
Data link control layer
creation and keeping up reliable connections between the mobile terminal and basestation two DLC protocols for the control plane (C-Plane)
connectionless broadcast service: paging functionality Lc+LAPC protocol: in-call signaling (similar to LAPD within ISDN), adapted to the underlying MAC service
several services specified for the user plane (U-Plane)

null-service: offers unmodified MAC services frame relay: simple packet transmission frame switching: time-bounded packet transmission error correcting transmission: uses FEC, for delay critical, time-bounded services bandwidth adaptive transmission Escape service: for further enhancements of the standard
MC SS02
4.50
DECT layers III
Network layer
similar to ISDN (Q.931) and GSM (04.08) offers services to request, check, reserve, control, and release resources at the basestation and mobile terminal resources
necessary for a wireless connection necessary for the connection of the DECT system to the fixed network
main tasks
call control: setup, release, negotiation, control call independent services: call forwarding, accounting, call redirecting mobility management: identity management, authentication, management of the location register
MC SS02
4.51
Enhancements of the standard

Several DECT Application Profiles in addition to the DECT specification
GAP (Generic Access Profile) standardized by ETSI in 1997
assures interoperability between DECT equipment of different manufacturers (minimal requirements for voice communication) enhanced management capabilities through the fixed network: Cordless Terminal Mobility (CTM) DECT DECT DECT basestation Common Portable Part Air Interface fixed network GAP
DECT/GSM Interworking Profile (GIP): connection to GSM ISDN Interworking Profiles (IAP, IIP): connection to ISDN Radio Local Loop Access Profile (RAP): public telephone service CTM Access Profile (CAP): support for user mobility
MC SS02
4.52
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked Radio

Trunked radio systems

many different radio carriers assign single carrier for a short period to one user/group of users taxi service, fleet management, rescue teams interfaces to public networks, voice and data services very reliable, fast call setup, local operation formerly: Trans European Trunked Radio offers Voice+Data and Packet Data Optimized service point-to-point and point-to-multipoint ad-hoc and infrastructure networks several frequencies: 380-400 MHz, 410-430 MHz FDD, DQPSK group call, broadcast, sub-second group-call setup
TETRA - ETSI standard
MC SS02
4.53
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
hyperframe 0 1 2 ... multiframe 0 1 2 ... 15 16 17 CF 1.02 s 57 58 59 61.2 s
frame
0 1 2 3 56.67 ms Control Frame
slot
509
14.17 ms
MC SS02
4.54
UMTS and IMT-2000

Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)
UWC-136, cdma2000, WP-CDMA UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS
UTRA (was: UMTS, now: Universal Terrestrial Radio Access) enhancements of GSM
EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution): GSM up to 384 kbit/s CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic) VHE (virtual Home Environment)
fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI requirements
min. 144 kbit/s rural (goal: 384 kbit/s) min. 384 kbit/s suburban (goal: 512 kbit/s) up to 2 Mbit/s urban
MC SS02
4.55
Frequencies for IMT-2000

1850 ITU allocation (WRC 1992) Europe GSM DE 1800 CT GSM 1800 1900 1950 2000
MSS
T D D
2050
2100 2150
IMT-2000
2200
MSS
MHz
IMT-2000
T D D
UTRA MSS FDD

MSS
UTRA MSS FDD

IMT-2000 MSS
China Japan
IMT-2000
PHS
cdma2000 MSS W-CDMA MSS
cdma2000 MSS W-CDMA MSS
North America 1850
PCS 1900 1950
rsv.
2000
2050
2100 2150
2200
MHz
MC SS02
4.56
IMT-2000 family
Interface for Internetworking
IMT-2000 Core Network ITU-T Initial UMTS (R99 w/ FDD)
GSM (MAP)
ANSI-41 (IS-634)
IP-Network
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
IMT-DS IMT-2000 Radio Access ITU-R

(Direct Spread)
IMT-TC
(Time Code)
IMT-MC
(Multi Carrier)
IMT-SC
(Single Carrier)
IMT-FT
(Freq. Time)
UTRA FDD (W-CDMA) 3GPP
UTRA TDD (TD-CDMA); TD-SCDMA 3GPP
cdma2000 3GPP2
UWC-136 (EDGE) UWCC/3GPP
DECT ETSI
MC SS02
4.57
Licensing Example: UMTS in Germany, 18. August 2000
UTRA-FDD: Uplink 1920-1980 MHz Downlink 2110-2170 MHz duplex spacing 190 MHz 12 channels, each 5 MHz UTRA-TDD: 1900-1920 MHz, 2010-2025 MHz; 5 MHz channels Coverage: 25% of the population until 12/2003, 50% until 12/2005
Sum: 50.81 billion
MC SS02
4.58
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here!)

UTRAN (UTRA Network)
Cell level mobility Radio Network Subsystem (RNS) Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment) CN (Core Network)
Inter system handover Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Uu
Iu
UE
UTRAN
CN
MC SS02
4.59
UMTS domains and interfaces I

Home Network Domain Zu Cu USIM Domain Mobile Equipment Domain Uu Access Network Domain Iu Serving Network Domain Yu Transit Network Domain
Core Network Domain User Equipment Domain Infrastructure Domain
User Equipment Domain
Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain
Shared among all users Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
UMTS domains and interfaces II

Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)
Functions for encryption and authentication of users Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain
Functions for radio transmission User interface for establishing/maintaining end-to-end connections
Access Network Domain
Access network dependent functions
Core Network Domain
Access network independent functions Serving Network Domain
Network currently responsible for communication Location and access network independent functions
Home Network Domain
MC SS02
4.61
Spreading and scrambling of user data

Constant chipping rate of 3.84 Mchip/s Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors
higher data rate: less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique, quasi orthogonal scrambling codes
users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes much simpler management of codes: each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes precise synchronisation not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasiorthogonal
data1 data2 data3 data4 data5
spr. code1
spr. code2
spr. code3
spr. code1
spr. code4
scrambling code1
scrambling code2
sender1
sender2
MC SS02 4.62
OSVF coding
1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1
1,1,1,1 1,1 X,X X X,-X SF=n SF=2n 1,-1 1,-1,-1,1 1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,1,-1 SF=1 SF=2 SF=4 SF=8 1 1,1,-1,-1 1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1,1,1 1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1 ...
1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1
1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1 ...
1,-1,1,-1 1,-1,1,-1,-1,1,-1,1
1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1,1
...
...
MC SS02
4.63
UMTS FDD frame structure

W-CDMA 1920-1980 MHz uplink 2110-2170 MHz downlink chipping rate: 3.840 Mchip/s soft handover QPSK complex power control (1500 power control cycles/s) spreading: UL: 4-256; DL:4-512
Radio frame 10 ms 0 1 2 ... 12 13 14
Time slot 666.7 s Pilot TFCI FBI TPC uplink DPCCH
2560 chips, 10 bits 666.7 s Data 2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k = 0...6) 666.7 s Data1 TPC TFCI Data2 Pilot downlink DPCH uplink DPDCH
DPDCH DPCCH DPDCH DPCCH 2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k = 0...7)
Slot structure NOT for user separation but synchronisation for periodic functions!
FBI: Feedback Information TPC: Transmit Power Control TFCI: Transport Format Combination Indicator DPCCH: Dedicated Physical Control Channel DPDCH: Dedicated Physical Data Channel DPCH: Dedicated Physical Channel
MC SS02
4.64
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
User data rate [kbit/s] DPDCH [kbit/s] DPCCH [kbit/s] Spreading
12.2 (voice) 60 15 64
64
144
384
240 15 16
480 15 8
960 15 4
MC SS02
4.65
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)

Radio frame 10 ms 0 1 2 ... 12 13 14
666.7 s
Time slot Data Midample 1104 chips 256 chips 2560 chips
Data GP 1104 chips
Traffic burst GP: guard period 96 chips
TD-CDMA 2560 chips per slot spreading: 1-16 symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to UL/DL (min. 1 per direction) tight synchronisation needed simpler power control (100-800 power control cycles/s)
MC SS02
4.66
UTRAN architecture
RNS
RNC: Radio Network Controller RNS: Radio Network Subsystem

Iu
UE1
Node B
Iub
RNC
CN
UE2 Node B
UE3
Iur
Node B
Iub
Node B RNC
UTRAN comprises several RNSs Node B can support FDD or TDD or both RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signalingto the UE Cell offers FDD or TDD
Node B RNS Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS02 4.67
UTRAN architecture
RNS
UE
Node B
RNC: Radio Network Controller RNS: Radio Network Subsystem

UTRAN comprises several RNSs Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
Iub
RNC
Iu
Node B
CN
Iur
Node B
Iub
Node B RNC
RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE Cell offers FDD or TDD
Node B RNS Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS02 4.68
UTRAN functions
Admission control Congestion control System information broadcasting Radio channel encryption Handover SRNS moving Radio network configuration Channel quality measurements Macro diversity Radio carrier control Radio resource control Data transmission over the radio interface Outer loop power control (FDD and TDD) Channel coding Access control
Core network: protocols

VLR MSC RNS GMSC
GSM-CS backbone
PSTN/ ISDN
HLR
RNS
Layer 3: IP Layer 2: ATM Layer 1: PDH, SDH, SONET UTRAN
SGSN
GGSN
GPRS backbone (IP) SS 7
PDN (X.25), Internet (IP)
CN
MC SS02 4.70
Core network: architecture

VLR BTS
Abis
BSS
Iu
MSC GMSC
BSC Node BTSB
PSTN IuCS
AuC
EIR Node B HLR GR
Iub
Node B RNC SGSN GGSN
Gn
Node B RNS
Gi
CN
IuPS
MC SS02
4.71
Core network
The Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu, too, are separated into two logical domains: Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)
Circuit switched service incl. signaling Resource reservation at connection setup GSM components (MSC, GMSC, VLR) IuCS
Packet Switched Domain (PSD)
GPRS components (SGSN, GGSN) IuPS
Release 99 uses the GSM/GPRS network and adds a new radio access!
Helps to save a lot of money Much faster deployment Not as flexible as newer releases (5, 6)
MC SS02 4.72
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)

UE
apps. & protocols
Uu
UTRAN
IuCS
3G MSC
Circuit switched
RLC MAC radio
RLC MAC radio
SAR AAL2 ATM
SAR AAL2 ATM
UE
apps. & protocols IP, PPP, PDCP RLC MAC radio
Uu
UTRAN
IuPS
3G SGSN
Gn
3G GGSN
IP, PPP, GTP UDP/IP L2 L1
IP tunnel
PDCP
Packet switched
RLC MAC radio
GTP UDP/IP AAL5 ATM
GTP
GTP UDP/IP UDP/IP AAL5 ATM L2 L1
MC SS02
4.73
Support of mobility: macro diversity

Multicasting of data via several physical channels
Enables soft handover FDD mode only
Uplink
UE Node B
simultaneous reception of UE data at several Node Bs Reconstruction of data at Node B, SRNC or DRNC
CN
Node B
RNC
Downlink
Simultaneous transmission of data via different cells Different spreading codes in different cells
MC SS02
4.74
Support of mobility: handover

From and to other systems (e.g., UMTS to GSM)
This is a must as UMTS coverage will be poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS) RNS offering additional resources (e.g., for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS) End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS
Change of SRNS requires change of Iu Initiated by the SRNS Controlled by the RNC and CN
Node B UE Node B
SRNC
CN
Iub
DRNC
Iur
Iu
Iub
Example handover types in UMTS/GSM
UE1 Node B1 UE2 Node B2 Node B3 RNC1 3G MSC1
Iu Iub
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC2
UE3
UE4
BTS
BSC
2G MSC3
Abis
MC SS02
4.76
UMTS services (originally)

Data transmission service profiles
Service Profile High Interactive MM High MM Medium MM Switched Data Simple Messaging Voice Bandwidth Transport mode Bidirectional, video telephone Low coverage, max. 6 km/h asymmetrical, MM, downloads SMS successor, E-Mail 128 kbit/s Circuit switched 2 Mbit/s Packet switched 384 kbit/s Circuit switched 14.4 kbit/s Circuit switched 14.4 kbit/s Packet switched 16 kbit/s Circuit switched
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)
Enables access to personalized data independent of location, access network, and device Network operators may offer new services without changing the network Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices Integration of existing IN services

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Mobile Communications Chapter 4: Wireless Telecommunication Systems

Overview Services Sub-systems Components

DECT TETRA UMTS/IMT-2000

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

Mobile phone subscribers worldwide

1000 Subscribers [million] GSM total

0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

Development of mobile telecommunication systems

IMT-MC cdma2000 1X EV-DO 1X EV-DV (3X) 3G

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

Performance characteristics of GSM (wrt. analog sys.)

mobile, wireless communication; support for voice and data services

international access, chip-card enables use of access points of different providers

High transmission quality

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

GSM: Mobile Services

several types of connections

voice connections, data connections, short message service

multi-service options (combination of basic services)

Three service domains

Bearer Services Telematic Services Supplementary Services

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

data service (circuit switched)

synchronous: 2.4, 4.8 or 9.6 kbit/s asynchronous: 300 - 1200 bit/s

data service (packet switched)

synchronous: 2.4, 4.8 or 9.6 kbit/s asynchronous: 300 - 9600 bit/s

Today: data rates of approx. 50 kbit/s possible will be covered later!

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

Architecture of the GSM system

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

BSC BSC RSS

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

GSM: elements and interfaces

radio cell MS Um MS BSS

radio cell BTS MS

BTS Abis BSC BSC

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

GSM: system architecture

BTS BSC BTS BSS A MSC IWF

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

System architecture: radio subsystem

Um BTS BTS Abis BSC

MS (Mobile Station) BSS (Base Station Subsystem): consisting of

BTS BTS BSS BSC

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

System architecture: network and switching subsystem

ISDN PSTN MSC

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

Base Station Subsystem (BSS):

BSS = BSC + sum(BTS) + interconnection

Mobile Stations (MS)

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

GSM: cellular network