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General Microbiology: Nickolas V. Kapp PH.D
General Microbiology: Nickolas V. Kapp PH.D
Remember you are working with live organisms and they have their own time schedule. Someone from your lab group will have to check on your materials
Evaluation
See class outline
Grading Scale
A 90% and above B 80%90% C 68%-80% D 50%-67% Fail below 50% Attendance will be taken in the first minutes of class. Each absence will result in the loss of points from the total possible.
Participation Credit
Joining ASM or NCMS (5pt) Answer question or ask one 1pt Enter microbe of the month 1pt Attend a meeting or lecture on microbiology and hand in a report (10pt) Field trip (to be announced) (5pt) Max of 15pt
What is a Microbe
Smaller than 0.1mm Includes bugs, things, germs, viruses, protozoan, bacteria, animalcules, small suckers
Nomenclature
Carolus Linnaeus (1735) Genus species By custom once mentioned can be abbreviated with initial of genus followed by specific epithet. E. coli When two organisms share a common genus are related.
EIDs
Emerging infectious diseases
Weapons of mass destruction New evolutionary features Response to man encroaching on the environment
Microbes in research
10 trillion human cells 10x this number microbes Easy to grow Biochemistry is essentially the same Simple and easy to study
Biotechnology
Use of biological systems to produce useful items The use of biological information to make things or improve the human condition
Diversity of Microbes
Bacteria-single celled prokaryotes Protozoa-eukaryotic, single celled, colonial, many ways of nutrition Fungi- absorb nutrients, single celled filamentous Viruses-acellular entities Others- worms, insects
Bacteria
Prokaryotes Peptidoglycan cell walls Binary fission For energy, use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis
Figure 1.1a
Archaea:
Prokaryotic Lack peptidoglycan Live in extreme environments Include:
Methanogens Extreme halophiles Extreme thermophiles
Halobacteria not from book
Eukaryotes Chitin cell walls Use organic chemicals for energy Molds and mushrooms are multicellular consisting of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae Yeasts are unicellular
Fungi
Figure 1.1b
Protozoa
Eukaryotes Absorb or ingest organic chemicals May be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella Most free some parasites
Figure 1.1c
Algae
Eukaryotes Cellulose cell walls Use photosynthesis for energy (primary producers) Produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds Metabolically diverse
Figure 1.1d
Acellular Consist of DNA or RNA core Core is surrounded by a protein coat Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope Viruses are replicated only when they are in a living host cell
Viruses
Figure 1.1e
Figure fluke
Knowledge of microorganisms:
Allows humans to
Prevent food spoilage Prevent disease occurrence
Others?
From where did the maggots come? What was the purpose of the sealed jars? Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?
Conditions Results Nutrient broth placed in No microbial growth flask, heated, then sealed Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?
Figure 1.3
A timeline of Microbiology
Fig 1.4 Some highlights
1665 Hooke 1673 van Leeuwenhoeks microscopes 1735 Linnaeus Nomenclature 1798 Jenner vaccine 1857 Pasteur Fermentation 1876 Koch germ theory of disease
1928: Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic. He observed that Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S. aureus. 1940s: Penicillin was tested clinically and mass produced.
1901* 1902 Ross Malaria transmission 1905 Koch TB bacterium 1908 Metchnikoff Phagocytes 1945 Fleming, Chain, Florey Penicillin 1952 Waksman Streptomycin 1969 Delbrck, Hershey, Luria Viral replication 1987 Tonegawa Antibody genetics 1997Prusiner Prions 2003Agre, Mackirron water and ion channels 2005 Marshall, Warren Helicobacter and ulcers 2008 Hausen Papilloma and viruses
* The first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
Principles of Microscopy
Metric units (table 3.1)
Micrometer Nanometer angstrom
Magnification
Calculation:
Objective power x ocular power = total power