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Hole's Human Anatomy and Physiology: Shier W Butler W Lewis
Hole's Human Anatomy and Physiology: Shier W Butler W Lewis
Hole's Human Anatomy and Physiology: Shier W Butler W Lewis
Twelfth Edition
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20.1: Introduction
A major part of homeostasis is maintaining the composition, pH, and volume of body fluids within normal limits (Define homeostasis) The urinary system removes metabolic wastes and substances in excess, including foreign substances like drugs and their metabolites that may be toxic It consists of a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, a urinary bladder and a urethra
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Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Ureters
20.2: Kidneys
The kidney is a reddish brown, bean-shaped organ with a smooth surface In the adult it is about 12 centimeters long, 6 centimeters wide, and 3 centimeters thick It is enclosed in a tough, fibrous capsule
Kidney Adipose tissue Parietal peritoneum Inferior vena cava Pancreas Spleen Aorta Small intestine Large intestine Stomach (a)
Liver
Large intestine
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(b)
Kidney Structure
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Renal medulla Minor calyx Major calyx Renal sinus Renal column Fat in renal sinus Renal pelvis Renal papilla
Renal tubule
(c)
(a)
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Abdominal aorta
Suprarenal artery
Adrenal gland
Suprarenal vein
Renal artery Renal column
Renal pyramid
The kidneys also help control the rate of red blood cell production, regulate blood pressure, and regulate calcium ion absorption
Ureter (a)
Peritubular capillary
Renal tubules
Glomerulus (b)
Glomerular capsule
(a) : Tissues and Organs: A Text-Atlas of Scanning Electron Microscopy, by R.G. Kessel and R.H. Kardon. 1979 W.H. Freeman and Company (b) : Courtesy of R.B. Wilson MD, Eppeley Institute for Research in Cancer, University of Nebraska Medical Center
Nephrons
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Efferent arteriole
Slit pore
Pedicel
Blood flow
Glomerular capsule Parietal layer of glomerular capsule Glomerulus Visceral layer of glomerular capsule Pedicel Primary process of podocyte
Slit pore
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Glomerulus
Afferent arteriole Distal convoluted tubule From renal artery To renal vein
Epithelial cell
Efferent arteriole
Renal cortex
(a) Renal tubules Glomerular Glomerulus capsule Renal corpuscle
Blood vessel
Peritubular capillary
(b)
Nephron loop
Renal medulla
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Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
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Nephron loop
(a)
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
Glomerular capsule
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Cortical nephron
Renal cortex
Juxtamedullary nephron
Renal medulla
Collecting duct
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Glomerular capsule
Interlobar artery
Arcuate artery
Glomerulus
Efferent arteriole
Afferent arteriole
Peritubular capillaries
Glomerular capillaries
Efferent arteriole
Vasa recta
Peritubular capillaries
Interlobular vein
Arcuate vein
Interlobar vein
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Renal vein
Urine Formation
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Arteriole
Net filtration Interstitial fluid (a) In most systemic capillaries, filtration predominates at the arteriolar end and osmotic reabsorption predominates at the venular end.
Peritubular capillaries Afferent arteriole Glomerular capillaries Efferent arteriole Venule Blood flow
(b) In the kidneys, the glomerular capillaries are specialized for filtration. The renal tubule is specialized to control movements of substances back into the blood of the peritubular capillaries (tubular reabsorption) or from the blood into the renal tubule (tubular secretion).
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Glomerular Filtration
Glomerular filtration Substances move from the blood to the glomerular capsule
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Capillary endothelium
Glomerular capsule
Glomerular filtrate
Blood flow
Fenestrae
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(a) (b)
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Filtrate Pressure
The main force that moves substances by filtration through the glomerular capillary wall is hydrostatic pressure of the blood inside (Compare to osmotic pressure)
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Net Outward Pressure Outward force, glomerular hydrostatic pressure = Inward force of plasma colloid osmotic pressure = Inward force of capsular hydrostatic pressure = Net filtration pressure =
+60 mm 32 mm 18 mm +10 mm
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Filtrate Rate
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is directly proportional to the net filtration pressure
Net filtration pressure = force favoring filtration (glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure) forces opposing filtration (capsular hydrostatic pressure and glomerular capillary osmotic pressure)
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Normally the glomerular net filtration pressure is positive causing filtration The forces responsible include hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure of plasma and the hydrostatic pressure of the fluid in the glomerular capsule
180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 Liters 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 (a)
180 Liters
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Lung capillaries
Kidney
Liver
Renin
Angiotensinconverting enzyme
Angiotensin I Angiotensin II
Angiotensinogen
Bloodstream Vasoconstriction Increased aldosterone secretion Increased ADH secretion Increased thirst
Stimulation
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Effects of Aldosterone
Aldosterone is a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex. It helps regulate the concentration of extracellular electrolytes by conserving sodium and excreting potassium ions. Its secretion is regulated by concentration of electrolytes in body fluids and by the renin-angiotensin mechanism.
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Effects of ANP
ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE (ANP)
A hormone produced by the heart, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), increases sodium excretion and decreases blood pressure and blood volume. ANP is released into the bloodstream in response to stretching of the atrial muscle cells by increased blood volume. ANP has the following physiological effects: Increases glomerular filtration rate by dilating afferent arterioles Inhibits the collecting ducts from reabsorbing sodium, both directly and indirectly (by inhibiting aldosterone secretion) Inhibits release of renin The renin-angiotensin system and ANP function antagonistically in the maintenance of fluid/electrolyte balance and blood pressure.
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Tubular Reabsorption
Tubular reabsorption Substances move from the renal tubules into the interstitial fluid where they then diffuse into the peritubular capillaries The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs (70%): Glucose, water, urea, proteins, and creatine Amino, lactic, citric, and uric acids Phosphate, sulfate, calcium, potassium, and sodium ions
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Blood flow Afferent arteriole Glomerular capsule Glomerulus Glomerular filtrate Efferent arteriole Glomerular capsule Glomerulus Glomerular filtrate
Peritubular capillary Tubular reabsorption Peritubular capillary Tubular secretion Renal tubule
Renal tubule
Blood flow (a)
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Glomerular filtrate
Blood flow
+ + + + + + + + + ++ + + ++
Sodium ions are reabsorbed by active transport Negatively charged ions are attracted to positively charged ions As concentration of ions (solute) increases in plasma, osmotic pressure increases
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Tubular Secretion
Tubular secretion Substances move from the plasma of the peritubular capillaries into the fluid of the renal tubules Active transport mechanisms function here Secretion of substances such as drugs and ions
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Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion
Na+ Na+
Na+
H+ K+
Na+ K+
Na+
K+ Na+
Tubular fluid
H+ K+ Na+
Na+
Na+ Ascending limb of nephron loop Collecting duct
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H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O H2O
H2O
H2O
Collecting duct
Collecting duct
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H2O
Na+ Cl
Salty Increasing NaCl concentration 2 Cl Na+ Cl Na+ Cl Na+ Hypotonic fluid Thick ascending limb (impermeable to water) 3 Medullary interstitial fluid H2O H2O Na+ Cl More salty
Isotonic fluid
H2O
H2O
(a)
Hypertonic fluid
(b)
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Blood flow
Blood flow
Vasa recta
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Urine Composition
Urine composition reflects the volumes of water and solutes that the kidneys must eliminate from the body or retain in the internal environment to maintain homeostasis It varies from time to time due to dietary intake and physical activity, but is: About 95% water Usually contains urea, uric acid, and creatinine May contain trace amounts of amino acids and varying amounts of electrolytes Volume varies with fluid intake and environmental factors
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Renal Clearance
This is the rate at which a chemical is removed from the plasma It indicates kidney efficiency Tests of renal clearance: Inulin clearance test Creatinine clearance test Para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) test These tests of renal clearance are used to calculate the GFR (glomerular filtration rate)
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Ureters
The ureters: Each is about 25 centimeters long Extends downward posterior to the parietal peritoneum (What is this called?) Runs parallel to vertebral column Join the urinary bladder in the pelvic cavity The wall of ureter has three layers: The inner mucous coat The middle muscular coat The outer fibrous coat
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Fibrous coat
Adipose tissue
Per H. Kjeldsen
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Urinary Bladder
The urinary bladder is a hollow, distensible, muscular organ located within the pelvic cavity, posterior to the symphysis pubis and inferior to the parietal peritoneum It contacts the anterior walls of the uterus and vagina in the female, and lies posteriorly against the rectum in the male
Smooth muscle fibers comprise the detrusor muscle which is the muscle of the bladder wall
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Abdominal wall
Ureter
Parietal peritoneum
Urinary bladder Symphysis pubis Prostate gland Urethra Rectum Rectum
(a)
(b)
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Ureter
Serous coat
Detrusor muscle Submucous coat Mucous coat Openings of the ureters Trigone Neck Prostate gland Internal urethral sphincter Prostate gland Urethra Region of external urethral sphincter (a) (b) Seminal vesicle Ductus (vas) deferens
Urethra
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Muscular coat
Mucous coat
Submucous coat
Lumen
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Ureter
Urinary bladder
Trigone
Urethra
Ureter
Penile urethra
Penis
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Urethra
The urethra is a tube that conveys urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body Its wall is lined with a mucous membrane and it has a thick layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers In a female: It is about 4 centimeters long It runs obliquely In a male: It is about 17.5 centimeters long It has a dual function for both urination and reproduction It has three sections: Prostatic urethra Membranous urethra Penile urethra 50
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Ed Reschke
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Micturition
Urine leaves the urinary bladder by micturition or urination reflex
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Micturition
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http://faculty.ucc.edu/biologypotter/Urinary_System/sld001.htm
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