EVERYTHING in the universe is

either…..
MATTER
o
r

Energy
Biochemistry-
The study of chemicals
important to living
systems
CHEMICALS are MATTER because
they have mass and take up
space!!
Chemicals of Life
All chemicals, all matter are made up of different
combinations of the elements found on the
periodic table.

These are all

of the
elements we
know of in
the
universe!!
Chemicals of Life
 ELEMENTS bond together to form
MOLECULES
 MOLECULES consist of two or more
atoms sharing their electrons.
 MOLECULES consisting of atoms from
different types of elements are called
COMPOUNDS
Chemicals of Life
 Organisms from ALL of the
Kingdoms, from bacteria to animals
are made up of compounds formed
mostly from relatively few
elements.
Carbon Nitrogen

Hydrogen Oxygen
NITROGEN
hydrogen

HYDROGEN-so simple…
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
 Are made up of
two or more
elements, like all
compounds

 Contain
CARBON
 Combine to form
organisms’
bodies!
Organic Compounds
Four main categories important to life:

 Proteins

 Carbohydrates

 Lipids

 Nucleic
PROTEINS
 Contain NITROGEN,
CARBON,
HYDROGEN, AND
OXYGEN
 Complex, long
molecules used to
build structures of
the body and
communicate within
the body (enzymes,
hormones)
PROTEINS are made of AMINO
ACIDS
 ESSENTIAL AMINO
 Your body needs ACIDS:
20 different
specific amino *The 8 amino acids you
acids to build the must intake in food
proteins you need *Animal proteins
contain these 8,
 You can make 12 Plant proteins
yourself, the other contain some of the
8 you must get in 8 essential amino
acids
your food
CARBOHYDRATES
 Are made of
CARBON,
HYDROGEN, AND
OXYGEN ONLY!
 Sugars, Starches
and Fiber are all
carbs!
 Living things store
energy in
carbohydrate
molecule
carbohydrates

glucose and
fructose are
MONOMERS
of the
disaccaride,
sucrose
carbohydrates
 Simple sugars have  Complex
the Chemical carbohydrates are
formed when simple
formula: C6H12O6 sugars are bonded by
 Simple sugars are dehydration synthesis
easy to digest and  Starches and fiber like
release energy cellulose are complex
stores form carbohydrates
 Glucose,, fructose,
ribose, and are all
examples of simple
sugars
Monosaccharides and Disaccharides
LIPIDS
• Lipids are molecules that
contain only carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen, just
like carbohydrates
•Do not mix with water
•Also used for energy
storage
•Fats, oils,and waxes are all
lipids
Nucleic Acids
 Are made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, and phosphorus
 Are the molecules that hold the code for
how to make all the proteins of the
organism
 Are the molecules that communicate the
code for proteins to ribosomes
 Are the molecules that help make the
proteins in the ribosomes
 DNA & RNA
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
DNA has a unique chemical
structure
 Made of repeating
nucleotide units
 Has two nucleotide
chains, which are
bonded at the
nitrogenous bases
 The double chains
are twisted in a
“double helix”
shape
 Review
Organic compound
Biochemistry
Carbon Element
Lipids
Hydrogen Compound
Carbohydrates
Nitrogen Simple Sugar
Nucleic Acids
Oxygen Amino acid
Proteins
Essential amino acid
Monomer
Glucose
Polymer